The Manufacturing Of Toys The Lego Company History

Introduction For about a century ago, the Lego Company has been a dominant player in the world of toy making that, aside being a household name, it has become synonymous with fun, creativity and learning. Starting off as a result of a Danish carpenter’s passion, Lego has risen to capture the hearts of millions of kids, teeming youth and fanatic adults in the form of creativity and games. However, managing the company itself has not been all fun as Lego’s history includes a myriad of failures, bankruptcy, innovations and counter-innovation. The journey to global dominance in the manufacturing of toys was enmeshed in several strategic decisions that young managers needs to learn from in decision making and implementing of innovation in organizations. The Lego Company-History In 1916, Ole Kirk Kristiansen, a Danish carpenter purchased a woodworking shop mostly to help people construct houses and furniture, this he did pretty well until the Great Depression around 1929 which saw fewer customers building houses and buying furniture, He then decided to focus on smaller, affordable wooden projects. His desire to please children later inspired him to begin producing toys and by the year 1932, Kristiansen and his small staff of apprentices has started making piggybanks, pull toys, toy houses and cars. Due to the state of the economy at that time, the business was not very profitable as farmers often traded produce in exchange for his toys. His son Godtfred Christiansen also joinedShow MoreRelatedLego case study analysis1362 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Lego Case Study Analysis Pallav Mathur Q 1. What led the LEGO group to the edge of bankruptcy by 2004? By the end of 2003 Lego was already facing crisis owing to dipping profits and declining market pool for toys. Lego had planned to expand into markets beyond building toys and needed huge investment to be made in it. But it found difficult to compete when fad players and other toy manufacturers were giving them stiff competition in a market that already was supposed to be giving lesser returnsRead MoreEssay about Lego Case1303 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Flextronics offshore outsourcing project, LEGO had a very tight control of all the elements of the value chain. Their production plants were expansive and specialized which, in theory, would create a higher degree of standardization. Their Swiss factories only produced DUPLO toys and Technic products, their Danish factory solely produced LEGO System products, and the U.S. facility focused on American demands, while only 5 to 10 percent of the LEGO Group’s total production was outsourced to ChineseRead MoreThe Lego Group1284 Word s   |  6 Pages The LEGO Group: working with strategy. Date : 03 March 2012 Programme : BTECH-MANAGEMENT IV Question 1 Explain how the development of strategy at the LEGO Group reflect the key characteristics of strategic management outlined in section 1.2 and in the model in Figure 1.4? â€Å"Strategy is the long-term direction of an organization† (Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, 2011, p.3). The LEGO Group started with the manufacture of stepladders, ironing boards, stools and wooden toys and hasRead MoreThe Lego Group : A Company1535 Words   |  7 PagesThe Lego Group is a privately family-owned company based in Billund Denmark and was founded in 1932 by Ole Kirk Christiansen. Legos are plastic construction toys; the history spans nearly 100 years; manufacturing of these interlocking toy bricks began in 1949 with the creation of small wooden Lego bricks (developed into six pieces of 2 by 4 bricks that can be combined in 915,103,765 ways, creating systematic creativity) but has since then grown into an iconic brand with factories around the worldRead MoreEssay on Lego Case Analysis 1618 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿The Lego Group Case: The Crisis Prior to finalizing a strategic recommendation for Knudstorp and the Lego Group, I needed to gain perspective on the industry and internal factors that have historically interfered with Lego’s business model, and thus lead them to the point of bankruptcy. In Exhibit A, I used the Porter’s five forces model to help identify and label the threats, demands, trends and opportunities of the toy industry. While Lego faced many different types of challenges, market trendsRead MoreEssay on LOGO case study2462 Words   |  10 Pagesï » ¿Mgmt3347 individual case study TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction The essay is a strategic analysis for LEGO Group. LEGO Group is a famous toy company in the world, which established in Denmark. LEGO Brand is not only the familiar logo, but also the expectation. LEGO acts as a guarantee of quality and originality. LEGO’s core values are imagination, creativity, fun, learning, caring and quality. The essay will show strategic analysis by identifying the industry, analyzing generalRead MoreLego s First Toy Product1511 Words   |  7 PagesLEGO was founded in 1932 by Ole Kirk Kristiansen in Billund, Denmark. Currently, the company is owned by Ole Kirk’s grandson Kjeld. The word LEGO comes from a Danish phrase, â€Å"leg godt,† which means â€Å"play well.† In Latin, the word â€Å"LEGO† translates to â€Å"I put together,† a perfect definition for the products LEGO would soon create. Introduction. LEGO started as a small carpenter’s workshop and has grown to become a global enterprise. It is now one of the world’s largest manufacturers of toys. LEGORead MoreCompany Profile : The Lego Group2181 Words   |  9 PagesPART 1: COMPANY PROFILE – THE LEGO GROUP 1. What Company did you select and why? The company I selected is the Lego Group. The company is well known for its popular construction toy brand, Lego. The company is still privately owned by the original family who established it in 1932 which is the Kirk Kristiansen family. Its headquarter is based in Billude, Denmark. The core product of the company, the Lego brick, is available in more than 130 countries around the world (Klausen, 2012). In 2014, theRead MoreEssay on The Lego Group Case3410 Words   |  14 PagesFounded in 1932, the LEGO Group is a privately held company headquartered in Billund, Denmark. The vision of Lego Group is to â€Å"inspire children to explore and challenge their own creative potential†[1] Lego now ranks 4th in the world as a toy manufacturer. The Lego Group employs nearly 9,000 workers and its own product, Lego Brick can be found in over 130 countries. The financial performance of Lego declined drastically through the 1990’s and early 2000’s. In 2004, the company accum ulated losses ofRead MoreLego Strategic Analysis2658 Words   |  11 PagesLego strategic analysis 1 of 5 http://www.oxbridgewriters.com/essays/estate-management/lego-strategic... Cookie Information  » Search all our free essays... The free essays that we publish on Oxbridge Writers have been written by students. They are not the work of our Oxbridge qualified writers. But if youre looking for a custom written essay then we can help.... Get a quote for your own custom essay  » Search  » Share Download Like 17 Tweet 0 3 Print Download Email Lego strategic analysis

The Principles Of Public Health Intervention - 1384 Words

3. Proposed Public Health Intervention This proposed public health intervention is based on the conceptual framework developed by QUT and the AIHW, which considers the downstream, midstream and upstream determinants of health (Draper et al., 2004). 3.1 Principles underpinning public health intervention Recommendations 1. That the design, planning, implementation and evaluation of all interventions at the downstream, midstream and upstream levels be underpinned by principles of: autonomy and control by Aboriginal communities; spirit and integrity; reciprocity; equality; survival and protection; and responsibility. Rationale: The importance of autonomy, control and command over resources in relation to health is well established (Solar and Irwin, 2010, Wilkinson and Marmot, 2003, Phelan et al., 2010), and particularly applicable to Aboriginal communities, given the impact of colonisation over two centuries. Baum (2007) highlights that loss of autonomy and control has significantly impaired the development of bridging and linking social capital, with Aboriginal people experiencing a deep distrust towards mainstream institutions, which further perpetuates inequalities. She also identifies that the NHMRC Principles of Ethical Research with Indigenous People – spirit and integrity, respect, equality, survival and protection, and responsibility; and posits that if these principles underpinned public policy, linking social capital would develop, that could lead to policiesShow MoreRelatedPrinciples of Mental Health1258 Words   |  5 PagesRunning Head: FOR A DEEPER UNDERSTANDING Principles of Mental Health The World Health Organization (2012) defines mental health as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease. WHO establishes the connection of mental health to the promotion of mental well-being, the prevention of mental disorders and the treatment of mental disorders and the rehabilitation of those afflicted with these disorders (WHO). The Council for Accreditation of CounselingRead MoreScholar Practitioner Project Paper1686 Words   |  7 Pagescontributed to chronic diseases becoming the leading cause of death and disability in San Diego (HHSA, 2009). The need for well aligned interventions for the diverse San Diego population to spearhead chronic diseases awareness and prevention was welcomed with the introduction of the Live Well San Diego. Which set in place its vision for a region that is Building Better Health, Living Safely and Thriving. To strategically support this vision, the 3 – 4 – 50 chronic disease concept was created, focusing on-Read MorePublic Health in Practice Essay1708 Words   |  7 Pages1: Public Health and Public Health Practices/Investigations Public health is the discipline and skill for preventing diseases and injuries, extending the lifespan and endorsing wellbeing through structured public work, the control of communicable diseases, the union of medical and nursing facilities for the prompt identification and disease prevention, teaching individual health and to make sure a standard of living suitable for the conservation of health (Breslow et al, 2002).. Public health focusesRead MoreThe Principles of Public Health822 Words   |  3 PagesWhat are the principles of public health? There are two difference approaches to show the principles of public health. One is including mission, core functions and ten essential services. The other one has 5 public health principles. Firstly, the principles of public health are mission, core functions and ten essential services. The mission is to achieve society’s interest in ensuring people’s health conditions. The core functions are divided into three parts. The first part is assessment. AssessmentRead MoreEthics Of The Chicago Heat Wave1741 Words   |  7 Pages An Ethical Analysis of the Chicago Heat Wave MPH 603 Ethical Political Issues in public Health Benedictine University Salma Ali Abstract The 1995 Chicago Heat Wave was the worst weather-related disaster in the United States. Temperatures rose to dangerous high records which cost the lives of over 700 people. The conditions that contributed to such a high death toll were not just from the natural disaster, but lack of proper planning. Unfortunately the city of Chicago had no officialRead MoreEmergency Emergencies : Emergency Responders Essay1685 Words   |  7 Pagesthe public is not prepared to take action in response to these situations. In order to be prepared for emergencies, public health professionals plan policies and procedures for various possible emergency situations. These policies and procedures are then discussed with and practiced by emergency responders. One of the most crucial and most overlooked aspects of emergency preparedness is public compliance. That is, when emergency responders give orders to the public for their safety, the public mightRead MoreApplication Of Public Health Principles823 Words   |  4 PagesApplication of Public Health Principles to Biodefense. Principles of public health are basically the essence and fundamentals of the public health practice. Public health are the sum total measures adopted to prevent disease, promote health, and prolong life of the population. Application of the public health principles to biodefense, therefore entails biosurveillance, countermeasure stockpiling and distribution, mass casualty care in the event of bioterrorism, and community resilience (HomelandRead MoreEnhancing Quality Strategic Decisions for the Government of Uganda1335 Words   |  5 Pagestheir priorities right especially in the health sector. Discuss some of the qualitative and quantitative techniques that can be adopted to enhance quality strategic decisions. Not more than 5pages Solution In resource limited settings there prevails unending situations of resource scarcity. This poses difficulties to governments especially when it comes to considering national priorities in the process of resource allocation. Taking it down to the health sector, there intra-sector challenges facedRead MoreA Life Course Approach For Injury Prevention892 Words   |  4 Pagesand ecological theories the scope is expanded through the theories core principles. The following is a brief outline of the core principles of life course and ecological theory respectively. Life Course Approach Dr. Glen Elder, the major contributor to the life course approach, developed the core principles of the theory after analyzing the data from his â€Å"Children of the Great Depression† study (Elder, 1994). The core principles (historical time and place, timing, linked lives and agency) promoteRead MoreThe Development Of High Quality Information About Patients Medical Treatment Options910 Words   |  4 Pagesensure that our health system efficiently delivers the best possible results for all patient. PhRMA supports the development of high quality information about patients’ medical treatment options. Empowering patients and physicians with high quality information will help ensure that our health system efficiently delivers the best possible results for all patients. Research from a range of sources in the public and private sectors provides valuable information for patients and health care professionals

African Americans and the Cold War. Free Essays

Compare the two articles and comment on how the Cold War impacted upon African Americans during the asses. Historically, the treatment of African Americans was atrocious: unfair and dehumidifying. Throughout the asses, this racial discrimination was noisily protested against and the recognition from governments allowed the African American voice to reach its zenith. We will write a custom essay sample on African Americans and the Cold War. or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Cold War and the intense ideological disputes between the United States and the Soviet Union aided in the strengthened awareness towards his inequality and led to a slight advancement of the societal position for African Americans. However, with the improvement of the African American voice, coinciding with the war at hand, came governmental fear, resulting in public manipulation and covert force. African American’s lived in a consciously limited and divided world, which stifled their individuality and independence. Richard Wright, a Negro who lived through this mistreatment, became the first Negro to highlight the injustice through protest writing. Wright â€Å"was the angriest, most honest and outspoken black writer†l f the time and his books offer insight into the lengths of racial discrimination and inequality he and other Blacks were subjected to. He made it â€Å"clearer than any black American writer had ever done that as a black man he was not allowed and not able to feel that he was a full-blooded’ American†2, but was expected to adhere to the enforced racial hierarchy and â€Å"live his life acting out a demeaning and ludicrous role†3. Life for African American’s consisted of constant degradation, with â€Å"daily insults and petty humiliations†4, and customary segregation – the Blacks of America ere inhibited from employment opportunities, denied good education, forced to sit behind Anglo-Saxons (Whites’) in public transportation, with enforced racially segregated public housing and most hotels and eateries being closed to those of African descent. Ultimately, the possibilities for African Americans were limited and they were generally treated as inferior beings. The Cold War tactically exposed the United States’ practice of gross inequality and discrimination. The conflict between political ideologies (Communism vs. McCarthy/Democracy) during the War established a central foundation for the movement towards racial equality. In an attempt to gain more party members, the Communist Party capitalized on the African American’s protests – â€Å"circulating petitions on police brutality, employment discrimination, and anticipating legislation†¦ Trying to gauge individuals’ openness (to the Communist Party)†5. They vigorously and passionately lashed the United States for their treatment of the Blacks while â€Å"actively promoting a racial Justice agenda†6: pushing for unions to include Negroes, campaigning for the desegregation of sousing, encouraging black writers and artists and providing opportunities for black leadership. With the promise to combat racism, and being â€Å"the only white organization in the country that paid serious attention to the issues of race and civil rights†7, Communism attracted more membership, especially from those of African descent with the proportion of Black members doubling. With the numbers supporting the American government declining and the â€Å"difficulty sustaining the smooth image of racial progress†8, the government made every effort to counter the Soviet’s propaganda. The American politics depraved the Soviets assertions with a public declaration stating that â€Å"despite certain inequalities and conditions which exist, the American way of life provides ample opportunity to correct these conditions through democratic processes†¦ The American Negro, down to the poorest sharecropper, is better off than the vast majority of Stalin’s subjects†9 while the â€Å"US embassies and consulates throughout the world distributed booklets showing the great progress that had been made on race matters†10. As the propaganda hostility dominated newspapers and generic conversation, the United States’ developments awards civil rights were largely and continuously broadcasted, with the â€Å"American’s†¦ Making much mileage out of the Supreme Court’s school-desegregation decision in 1954†³11. Essentially, the Cold War heightened the awareness of racial discrimination and made the unfairness an international issue. The open rebellion against racial prejudice in the United States, meshing with Cold War concerns, evoked fears within the United States’ government. The American government grew suspicious of internal communist subversion and as a result the loyalty of all free men’, and especially the loyalty of African American’s was deemed questionable. With this anxiety, came the intrusion of the loyalty program. This program, introduced by President Harry. S. Truman and adopted by Senator Joseph McCarthy, established a framework for a wide-ranging and powerful government apparatus – the Federal Bureau of Investigations – to perform loyalty checks on every employee. If the Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI) had ‘reasonable grounds’ to doubt an employee’s allegiance, he or she would be dismissed. The FBI â€Å"could not tolerate independent thinkers either, as there was one thing considered every bit as bad as being a Red (communist), and hat was being a Black who spoke out against American racism†12, thus â€Å"individuals who had been active in progressive causes, particularly in the African American freedom struggle, were targeted and disproportionately affected†13. Richard Wright and Annie Lee Moss are two African American’s who were subjected to the subtle terror of the Loyalty Programs investigations. Both Wright and Moss held supporting attitudes towards the progression of civil rights. In the early ‘ass Wright was under US government surveillance, assumed for his books protesting against racial scarification, and â€Å"one Sunday in April 1953, Wright was questioned by a member from the Senate Judiciary Committee about his subversive books and his association with the Communist Party, asked to inform on others†¦ Receiving a warning that he could be subpoenaed in front of McCarthy committee†14. Wright’s books were, and all rebellious books, were removed from the United States Information Service libraries – a subtle way the government silenced opponents. Annie Lee Moss, whom experienced accusations of disloyalty, was used and still remains â€Å"an enduring symbol of Cold War politics†1 5. Annie Lee Moss was a clerk in the General Accounting Office (GAO), working in close proximity to sensitivity information, and was, â€Å"it seemed, living proof of the possibilities of the American (African) dream†. Moss encountered several accusations of being a member of the communist party, and was suspended from her Job twice, only to be reinstated when the â€Å"GAO Loyalty Board determined there were no ‘reasonable grounds’ to believe that she was disloyal†16. The allegations and innocence of Moss was biblically broadcasted on â€Å"March 1954, when Edward R. Morrow dedicated an episode of his television news how, See It Now, to her appearance before Senator Joseph McCarthy Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations†17. The broadcast â€Å"demonstrated that McCarthy carelessness threatened the rights of American citizens, but that there were others in the American government committed to defending those rights†18. With the increased amount of hope for African American’s, came new forms of discriminatory struggles. The Cold War had a pivotal impact on life for African American’s. Though the Blacks of America were victims of new forms of discrimination, ultimately, the Cold War revealed the contradictions in American democracy: how could the United How to cite African Americans and the Cold War., Papers

Professional Communication Skills for ICT

Question: Discuss about the Professional Communication Skills for ICT. Answer: Introduction The report is about analyzing the ICT Information Security Policy and Management of the University of Southern Queensland. The University uses various processes of ICT that are used in various processes of internal governance, external party governance, human resource management, asset management, operations and communication management, assess management, system acquisition, incident management, business continuity management, compliance management, etc. Analysis of the ICT communication model and different communication model used in the process will be described in the report by highlighting the effectiveness of the message, evaluation of the document, evaluation of the sources, and the breakdown of the arguments are properly analyzed under the body of the report. Apart from that recommendations will be provided regarding the effectiveness of the strategies used by the University in the practice of various ICT in the information management and security systems. it is seen that ICT is a common aspect that is used by most of the organizations in order to compete the rival companies of the competitive business world. While analyzing the document, secondary research methods are used for providing suitable recommendations. Evaluation of communication model In the document, it is seen that the organization is using ICT in its every department of operation. However, it can be said that the operations department uses communication models such as electronic mail, supplied communications methods, etc. when the employees are communicated with the various officers related with the University business regarding the use of ICT in various aspects of operations (Solar et al. 2013). Information are exchanged within and outside the university through using online services such as NTSAF and QGISCF. Transactions of different aspects are occurred through various modes of online transactions. However, it can be seen that the different communication models are not updated or effective in order to receive prompt feedback from the people associated with the use of ICT in the department. Other models of communications can be included in the operations of ICT in the University. While improving the business, a business reminder will be set along with SMS to the particular people or a group whenever required for business purpose (Rice and Leonardi 2013). Evaluation of the effectiveness of message The organization is committed to manage all possible risks that will be associated with the ICT and assets and information system while reducing the rate of ICT security incidents. Usage of ICT and Information security in the University requires an effective goal. However, the policy statement illustrates the governance a framework for protecting the Information management and security within the dimension of organization (Yuan et al. 2013). The goal of using these approaches of ICT in the internal and external operations of the University is to improve the pace of the business operations i.e. increasing the effectiveness of the employees associated with it. The message of the communication is based on five elements such as responsible use, availability, integrity, confidentiality and responsible use of the resources of ICT. However, there are opportunities of improving the effectiveness of the use of the model. The effectiveness of the message of the goals of using ICT will be more effective if the level of communication increases among the various levels of employees present in the organization. It can be increased by many methods (Hislop 2013). Evaluation of the document The document that is formulated for creating an awareness of the different types of ICT and Information management and security systems used in the different operational departments of the University in order to increase the effectiveness of the work of the employees of the organization. The document is categorized into different parts such as purpose, scope and principles. Apart from that, various links are provided in the reference list that will direct the viewers to go the direct website for detailed description (Diniz et al. 2012). Different methods of ICT are used in the various departments of the organization are mentioned in the document. However, the document lacks the clarity of the goals and strategies used in each department mentioned in the document. It is recommended that in each of the principle discussed in the study, goals be to be mentioned clearly, so that the employees understand the necessity of the methods of ICT used in the operational procedures. Apart from th at, the usage procedures must be mentioned in the document (Gatautis 2015). Evaluation of sources Formulation of the document for the University employee requires usage of some sources and acts that are essential for enriching the quality of the document. The sources about the procedures are taken from recognized and reputed official websites of the related to the technologies used in ICT. Apart from that, there are related laws and legislations that are essential for the University while implementing the different policies of ICT and Information management and security systems (Ellis and Loveless 2013). It is seen that the document provides a brief description of the policy information and the relevant legislation, related policies, procedures, forms, websites and publications. Besides this, the document defines various terminologies that a reader might face difficulty. It is a good advantage for the viewers of the document while understanding the necessity of the various procedures of ICT in the operational procedures of the organization. The credibility and the quality of the sources chosen for creating the document for ICT implication is high and hence increase the quality of the document (Haddon 2016). Analysis of the voice and style The document is written in a simple English language. There is a reason of using simple English language because it is addressed for all categories of employees working in the organization. The use of ICT is not only implemented for the senior level management of the organization. It is also used for improving the performance of the junior level of employees. Hence, it can be said that the level of qualifications and expertise for senior, middle and junior level employees are not same (Prytherch 2016). Language is made lucid. But it is seen that in some parts of the documents where the procedures and the implementation part of various approaches of ICT and Information management and security systems are used, language is not clear and lucid. Junior employees or the employees that are not related to IT department will face problem in understanding the purpose and goals of using ICT in the process of business operations. Language can be much more lucid, simple and must possess some cla rity for the non-IT readers (Child 2015). Structured arguments The structured arguments, visual emphasis strategies, imperative or declarative sentences, warrants, claims, data, fallacies and argumentative strategies, etc. are present in the document. There are different legislations, policies that are related to the integration of various approaches of ICT in the operational departments of the organization. Arguments present in the document decrease the quality of the documents. It is responsible for creating fallacies in the document while diminishing the quality of the content presented by the authors while formulating the document. The purpose of the document is to provide a clear and crisp idea to the various levels of management of the organization. The data warrants, etc, are presented from the credible sources. Hence, no question will arise regarding the data, claims and warrants of the procedures of Information management and security systems and ICT (Fuglseth and Sreb 2014). Description of the process is not clear that will provide an in-depth understanding of the procedures of ICT in the implementation of these processes in the day to day operations of the organizations. It means that the customization of the approaches is missing. Conclusion It can be concluded that the purpose of the study is to analyze the document formulated by University while describing the purposes and procedures of using various technologies of ICT in the human resource department, incident management, asset management, and other operational department of the university. The analysis of the document is divided into few categories such as quality of writing, effectiveness of the strategies, structured argument, lucidity of the language, fallacies present in the document. However, it can be said that there are many issues of the document pointed out in the study that can create problem for the readers. Recommendations will be provided in the following for improving the structure of the document. Recommendations Various communication channels are to be introduced for the improvement of communication model such as face to face interaction, SMS, gentle reminder through other applications. By increasing the level of communication among the different groups of employees, the effectiveness of the strategies can be increased. The usage patterns of the approaches of ICT and information management and security systems must be introduced so that the document can gets clarity. No such recommendation is provided regarding the sources used in the document related to process used in ICT as they are highly credible and informative, hence increase the validity of the document. The language of the document should be kept more simple, clear and lucid so that the readers of the non-IT department will face no problem regarding the purpose of creating the document (Sultan 2013). The structured argument and the fallacies present in the document must be reduced so that the readers find no difficulty in understanding the purpose of using ICT in the organization. References Child, J., 2015.Organization: contemporary principles and practice. John Wiley Sons. Diniz, E., Birochi, R. and Pozzebon, M., 2012. Triggers and barriers to financial inclusion: The use of ICT-based branchless banking in an Amazon county.Electronic Commerce Research and Applications,11(5), pp.484-494. Ellis, V. and Loveless, A. eds., 2013.ICT, pedagogy and the curriculum: Subject to change. Routledge. Fuglseth, A.M. and Sreb, ., 2014. The effects of technostress within the context of employee use of ICT.Computers in Human Behavior,40, pp.161-170. Gatautis, R., 2015. The impact of ICT on public and private sectors in Lithuania.Engineering Economics,59(4). Haddon, L., 2016.The social dynamics of information and communication technology. Routledge. Hislop, D., 2013.Knowledge management in organizations: A critical introduction. Oxford University Press. Prytherch, R., 2016.Harrod's librarians' glossary and reference book: a directory of over 10,200 terms, organizations, projects and acronyms in the areas of information management, library science, publishing and archive management. Routledge. Rice, R.E. and Leonardi, P.M., 2013. Information and communication technology use in organizations.The Sage Handbook of Organizational Communication. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, pp.425-448. Solar, M., Sabattin, J. and Parada, V., 2013. A Maturity Model for Assessing the Use of ICT in School Education.Educational Technology Society,16(1), pp.206-218. Sultan, N., 2013. Knowledge management in the age of cloud computing and Web 2.0: Experiencing the power of disruptive innovations.International Journal of Information Management,33(1), pp.160-165. Yuan, Y.C., Zhao, X., Liao, Q. and Chi, C., 2013. The use of different information and communication technologies to support knowledge sharing in organizations: From e?mail to micro?blogging.Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology,64(8), pp.1659-1670.

My Ojt Experience Essay Example

My Ojt Experience Essay II. Brief History / Background of the Company / Company Profile The history of this Computer Shop is so inspiring for me because they start in a small business and for being industrious they build a lot of business that make them higher than a eagle. Before we start planning build a computer shop we decided to start selling Shirts, Footwear and some accessories we keep all the money we collect from our small business until we get a place where we can rent for our Computer Shop. We start making computer stands after hat we bought only three (3) Computers and we build our computer shop in the month of June year 2006. One day we start opening our small Computer Shop. Even though I have only here (3) Computers were not expecting that we can have our customers early in the morning even though our price per hour is Twenty Five Pesos (25). In one day we collect only three hundred fifty Pesos (350) but even though that money is too small for us, it is okay because it can help for our business to make It Big. We continue opening our Computer Shop until we buy another Four (4) Computers so we have Seven (7) Computers and because of that we collect a lot of moneys that help us to buy a Printer Machine and a Scanning Machine because of that we are so stressed because there`s a lot of task we do. So we start finding our helper and we find Jiegs Silang he is a High school graduate but he is so intelligent he is a fast learner about computers. He live in Nasugbu Batangas he is our helper until our Computer Shop becomes one year. We decided to name our Computer Shop and the name of it is Awoor Open Kalate Compuer Repair Shop, we decide to that name because we also repairs computer like Formatting and PC Assembling. This business is so amazing because it helps to give education to my children we continue managing our Computer Shop until we collect moneys o buy six (6) Computers so that we have a total of 13 Computers. We complete our computers in he year of 2011. We will write a custom essay sample on My Ojt Experience specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on My Ojt Experience specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on My Ojt Experience specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We are so happy and thankful because we’re not expecting that our business will become long and then we add some small business like Master Shomai, Coco Prince add some, Fish Ball, Kikiam and Kwek Kwek Stall. In the year 2012 were not expecting that the small business we add will become large until we fund a lot helpers, like Michael Silang, Accelle Joy, Darwin Silang and John Paul Montales. They are he one who helps us to build and to manage our business which is seven years from 2006 until 2013 even though we reach seven years we did not decide to stop our business because it help me to have a Good Life. III. Summary of the OJT Experience The Trainee is Mr. John Paul Noveno Montales, On-the-job training is one of the requirements of any students taking up the Diploma in Computer Electronics and Technology. I started in my OJT on month of July 07, 2012 and in this month of July Im pretty well trained to work here because I worked here before and today I start to OJT I achieved like Hard disk drive of the computer is broken and for this work I replaced another Hard disk drive. I also have other achievement such as typing a very long story, laminate of ten pieces of ID pictures, Xerox of one piece of English book and of course all of this were done and completed. And month of August I also have other achievement like if the power supply of the computer is loss and for this work again I replaced another power supply and finally the power supply of the computer is working again. Throughout the month of august I also have other achievement like the ram or memory of the computer is not working for short it was loss and I did this it should be to clean up the memory using a pencil eraser to work it again. Month of August I am still typing a very long story of a parable, Xerox of ten pieces Diploma, ten pieces of Birth Certificate, ten pieces of Bio – Data and laminate five pieces of ID pictures and of course all of this were completed. And now in month of September I’m very happy because my supervisor was promote me to a computer assistant and this I recounted my parents that I was promoted to a computer assistant. I also have another achievement of this month of September like Xerox, printing, laminate and typing another long story of the parable that just as I had done previously. The last time that I’m attend in month of September 30, 2012 I stopped to attend the OJT because I’m very busy to make my project in my major subject and I also review my minor subject and major subject for this coming final exam. The month of November I will begin again to attend the OJT because now I have time to OJT because I`m not too busy in school and my supervisor was very glad because I was able to return to OJT again and I was very glad also. I made this month of November was reformatting ten pieces of computer on the other comp shop but it was owned by my supervisor and I made it two days because relatively long after I reformat and Installed drivers and games of course I finished all do ten pieces of computer and it will be open to earn money. And this month of December I still did OJT and I experienced our Xerox machine was broken and exactly two man who want to undergo Xerox a whole book, and ten pieces of Bio – data and I do not know how to fix the Xerox machine and I call my supervisor to say that the Xerox machine is broken and my supervisor said wait for me to fix the Xerox machine and I told to the customer who want to undergo Xerox was not available but after a few minutes my supervisor came to his shop to fix it and I’m happy for that. I stopped again to attend the OJT and this was the Second time to stop to attend my OJT because that time was to prepare for Christmas and of course this was the day we have a family gathering together sometimes we just take along together and that only occurs when there is an occasion like Christmas. I started again to attend my OJT because I`m not busy in my family and now I have time to attend my OJT and today I will do what should I do like Xerox five pieces of documents and PC assembling. Now I stopped again to attend my OJT and this is the Third time to stop to attend my OJT because today was New Year’s Day and Im happy because this was the day we have a family gathering together again and of course we all have families complete and by twelve oclock in the morning We watched fireworks in the sky and then we all eat together. And this month of January I started again to attend my OJT and I also achieved like formatting a computer, pc assembling, and I experienced our motherboard of the system unit were overheat and because it was broken and it was not available so I just replaced another motherboard for it to work again and I’m happy because the motherboard of the system unit was working so we can use it and now that the time of my OJT was near I spent my days only to complete my OJT and I was very glad because the seven months I spent hours on the comp shop I was fully finished my OJT. A. New knowledge, attitudes, and skills acquired The first that I had learned in the Awoor Open Kalate Computer Repair Shop is to be a hard working person and to be a responsible to all things that should I do. I also learned how to fix Xerox Machine and how to use it. It was so easy to Xerox but in my OJT experience it was so hard if there were a lot of papers to be done and I was so glad that I learn how to use it. I also applied at the Comp shop my knowledge in computer when I was high school. Sometimes it was so boring and tedious to have my OJT because I am lone and don’t have friends to talk but the only thing that I did was play some music and watching movies it was my doings when I am bored and tedious it was why don’t stop my OJT and to accomplish my goals in my life and I need to finish my OJT for my family. B. Theories actually seen in practice I realized that if there was an OJT was not so easy, tedious, made me being lazy I felt it when I am doing a lot or you had nothing to do but I made it by pushing myself to did my jobs and to push myself to be a hard working person. I also learned that in all aspects of problems there was a solution. I also push myself not to stop my OJT and not to stop to fix my problems that I encountered. Now, if I have a problems that I can’t solve I pursue to make it and to be successful to my OJT instead of giving up I will make my best to be a successful person. C. Feedback that can be given to the company or institution When I started my OJT my supervisor ask me that what I can do to his computer shop or if I know something about in computers. I said yes to my supervisor I have know something to computers and I said to my supervisor that if there was a thing that I didn’t know was to betray my supervisor and I said to my supervisor that I am fast learner. I also said to my supervisor that I can help more to his computer shop because I am getting better when I am doing something and practice for it and I am good in some jobs like typing some documents and repairing computers. I enjoy my OJT. In some doings I am compatible with my OJT because I had some ideas to help to my OJT and I experienced the others problems so my OJT was not so hard at all. D. Benefits gained The benefits that the trainee learns at the Awoor Open Kalate Computer Repair Shop are as follows: to be discipline at the work and to be responsible and intelligent, must always be on time, and to be patient with the customer should come. I started to my OJT I learned to be responsible to all aspects and to be diligent, hard working and of course to be friendly and patient. I promise to myself that I will not forget what I learned. I will remember it until I am alive and use it to all things that can apply because of you have this attitude you can recognize by others. It will be applicable when I friends or I have my own job and to my fellow workers. In what I learned to my OJT and to my loving parents I will use to all things in my life and I am so proud that I learned. I will do my best to be a successful man to have good and peaceful life. E. Problems encountered The problem that the trainee encountered at the Awoor Open Kalate Computer Shop is the Xerox machine was broken and exactly two man who want to undergo Xerox a whole book, and ten pieces of Bio – data and I do not know how to fix the Xerox machine and I call my supervisor to say that the Xerox machine is broken and my supervisor said wait for me to fix the Xerox machine and I told to the customer who want to undergo Xerox was not available but after a few minutes my supervisor came to his shop to fix it and I’m happy for that.

Answers to Questions About Referring to Death

Answers to Questions About Referring to Death Answers to Questions About Referring to Death Answers to Questions About Referring to Death By Mark Nichol Here are three questions about how to treat references to people who have died, and my responses. 1. For how long after someone’s death is it necessary and/or appropriate to use â€Å"the late† to describe them? I know we don’t say â€Å"the late Ludwig van Beethoven,† but what about a board chairman who died twelve years ago? There’s no standard rule, but in objective, dispassionate content, late should generally be used only a few years after someone’s death. (A widow or widower referring to a deceased spouse, however, gets a lifetime pass.) 2. If I refer to someone’s having died in 2001, do I refer to the person in the same sentence as â€Å"the late John Smith,† for example, or is that redundant? Late is redundant to an explicit reference to a person’s death, and the objective reference is preferable to late. For example, â€Å"The project was funded by a bequest from the late John Smith, who died in 2001† is redundant, and â€Å"The project was funded by a bequest from John Smith, who died in 2001† is preferable to â€Å"The project was funded by a bequest from the late John Smith,† because the former sentence is more specific. 3. Is it objectionable in formal writing for the general public to refer explicitly to death i.e., are euphemisms like â€Å"passed away† truly preferable to died? On the contrary: Died is preferable to euphemisms like â€Å"passed away.† In informative text, use straightforward language; readers appreciate clear, specific wording and don’t need to be coddled with tiptoeing generalities. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the General category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:10 Rules for Writing Numbers and NumeralsGrammar Quiz #21: Restrictive and Nonrestrictive ClausesA "Diploma" is not a "Degree"

Technology from print to pixel Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Technology from print to pixel - Essay Example This reading from the screen and its effectiveness and visible results continues for the rest of the day until the time one will go to bed This new way of reading will definitely change the way people write. As the information flows and is streamed in the screens at a very quick speed, more people will start writing in prose and in other short forms as a way of saving time. This new form of writing will not be strange as translations of the words can be easily got from the same screens and because there is a lot of linking with the new technology in reading, it will not be strange at all. The writing unlike before will continue to increase and a faster pace for that matter as more and more people young and old engage in asking questions and getting written faster and even immediate response hence making them write even more as a way to gain faster knowledge and pass the same knowledge to others through the same

Finance 3000 2day Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Finance 3000 2day - Essay Example Market average input prices were accordingly used to determine cost and give tangible results when used in SFA. Data Presentation The figure showing changes of profit efficiency of the Chinese banking industry This figure underscores the effect of penetration of foreign banks on Chinese domestic banks. During the initial stage of market penetration, domestic banks drop or stagnant in terms of profit efficiency. This is occasioned by the need to increase investment in technology and efficient systems in order to stay competitive. These measures drive the cost upwards resulting in decreased profit margin. The trend changes to that of growth after the necessary technology and efficient systems are in place. The exponential growth face exceeds the negative impact occasioned and this in general increases profit efficiency and by extension the efficiency of the domestic banks. These results indicate that City commercial banks are the most profit efficient whilst state-owned banks being the least in terms of profit efficiency. This is a deviation from the fact that state-owned banks (SOCBs) tend to be more cost effective. The reason for this is that SOCBs tend to have higher Non-performing loans (NPLs) than City commercial banks (CCBs). ... to measure efficiency of banks from a different perspective and the following figures depict the mean technical efficiency in the Chinese banking sector by bank type: A. B. Model A is an experiment on profitability or income generation while model B examines the efficiency of earning asset production and growth. A quick comparison of these two models shows that within the first five years model B reached an efficiency at a faster pace than model A. This is an indication that banks here were more poised on asset building rather than profitability. In the year 2000 the graphs are flat indicating diminished growth occasioned by the banks being more profit conscious instead of first pursuing asset growth. Further interpretation of the data in model A shows that JSCBs are more efficient and better performers than all the other banks. This could be attributed to the fact that JSCBs are more autonomous and free of direct intervention by the Chinese government. JSCBs are also not faced with numerous challenges of NPLs like SOCBs. CCBs have a poor showing indicating bias or small sample size of these types of banks while researching. Chen et al (2005) findings are proven in model B whereby SOCBs outperform JSCBs in efficiency. This, however, is in direct contravention of known literature depicting the relationship between the government and the banking industry. A possible answer could be that the vast amount of state funds poured into SOCBs for their growth is having an impact and the banks are gaining stability. These two models of income based and asset based are another way to measure the impact that foreign banks have had on the efficiency of the Chinese domestic banking industry. A clearer picture is painted by including other parameters. Discussion For a very long time

The complexity of Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

The complexity of Management - Essay Example In this paper, the proponent clearly illustrates situations that identify existing complexities within an organisation. Marketing versus accounting department In most instances, there is always an ongoing clash between the accounting and marketing department. This is because of the meaning of accounting in an organisation seems to be broad (McSweeney, 1995). In order to understand this in detail, there is always a good reason to believe that each department has essential role or function to play in an organisation. In line with this, it is necessary that these specific functions have to be elaborately discussed in detail in order to find out why there is an ongoing complexity that exists within an organisation. A salesperson was having a hated argument with an accounting staff. The problem was actually within the bound of how they tried to handle customer service. The salesperson was so aggressive about creating a sale with the customer and he was always ready to shortcut the process just to be able to close the deal. However, the accounting staff understood her function clearly well. In other words, she was so aggressive about the implementation of what has been agreed within their department. As a result, there was a strong clash of personal interests of each department that went on between the accounting staff and salesperson. ... In other words, some rules employed by the company may be altered just to be able to prioritise what is deemed important for the achievement of the ultimate goal of the company. The ultimate goal is to have excellent financial performance that will enable the company to continue operation. However, there may be always a compromise in the process. The accounting department is such a complex component of an organisation because it primarily involves finances in general. It involves the general role of an organisation to handle every necessary aspect in financial activities that will make the entire flow of the organisation run smoothly. For instance, cash flow is important and even return of investment is necessary in order that the operation will continue to have healthy performance. These activities are necessary and they are handled by the accounting department in general. However, their tasks have specific goals and objectives that in the process will run against the objectives of other departments. For instance, the sales department is there to help the accounting department reach the objective in obtaining healthy cash flow. The sales department is there in order to help the company reach its full potential in obtaining high return of investment that the bottom line is to have a positive healthy cash flow. However, this does not run smoothly as always as it might be expected. There are some specific concerns. For instance, the company may declare terms and conditions of payments. Some customers may ask about longer terms especially when they are trying to place high orders that are far from what is expected. Some companies may not have looked on this in advance but the accounting department may be strict about its

A Hydraulic Accumulator Energy Engineering Essay

A Hydraulic Accumulator Energy Engineering Essay A hydraulic accumulator is a device in which potential energy is stored in the form of a compressed gas or spring, or by a raised weight to be used to exert a force against a relatively incompressible fluid. They are used in fluid power systems to accumulate energy and to smooth out pulsations. Accumulators store energy when hydraulic system pressure is greater than the accumulator pressure and provide hydraulic energy when the accumulator pressure is greater than the system pressure. By storing and providing hydraulic energy, accumulators can be used as a primary power source. Accumulators are inherently dynamic devices, they function when configuration changes (actuators moving, valves opening, etc.) are occurring within a hydraulic system. Accumulators respond very fast to configuration changes, nearly instantaneously for gas accumulators. They are usually used in conjunction with a pump/motor in a hydraulic circuit. A hydraulic system utilizing an accumulator can use a smaller fl uid pump since the accumulator stores energy from the pump during low demand periods. The pump doesnt need to be so large to cope with extremes of demand, so that the supply circuit can respond more quickly to any temporary demand and to smooth pulsations. The capability and affect of the accumulator is determined by the overall volume of the accumulator and preload/pre-charge of the spring/gas. There are 4 types of accumulators: bladder, diaphragm bladder, piston (either spring or gas controlled) and metal bellows. The choice of accumulator to use in a given application depends on required speed of accumulator response, weight, reliability and cost. Pressurized gas accumulators will have the faster dynamic response and are reliable. Metal bellows accumulators are very reliable, but will not respond as fast as a pressurized gas accumulator. Accumulators with seals generally have the lowest reliability. Accumulators are either spherical or cylindrical in design. Bag, piston and metal bellows accumulators are cylindrical. Diaphragm accumulators may be spherical or cylindrical. Accumulators are usually manufactured into 2 halves which are either welded or threaded together. A fill port is installed at one end of a gas accumulator and the hydraulic connection fitting (with poppet valve, if required) is installed at the opposite end. For a spring accumulator, the non pressure sid e usually has a fitting that connects to the hydraulic reservoir (for seal leakage and to alleviate back pressure on a piston). Materials are usually steel, but accumulators may also be made from aluminium or a composite (filament wound) material. Compressed gas accumulators are by far the most common type; these gas accumulators take advantage of the fact that the gas is compressible. A gas accumulator has a gas pre-charge that is less than the nominal hydraulic system pressure. As hydraulic fluid enters the accumulator the gas is compressed to the nominal system pressure, which is an equilibrium position and represents the maximum amount of energy stored by the accumulator. As system hydraulic pressure drops, the gas will expand pushing hydraulic fluid back into the system. The gas pre-charge level is an important parameter for gas accumulators since the pre-charge and overall accumulator volume; determine the maximum amount of hydraulic energy that will be available to the system. The pre-charge is the pressure of the gas in the accumulator without hydraulic fluid in the fluid side. A gas accumulator is pre-charged with nitrogen gas when there is no hydraulic fluid in the accumulator to the desired pressure. The gas accumulator pre-charge is a very important variable for ensuring optimal accumulator performance and maintaining long life of the accumulator. Too high of a pre-charge pressure and the fluid volume capacity is reduced. Furthermore, if a bag accumulator charge is too high than the bag may hit the poppet valve which could damage the bag through repeated hits in service, or cause a fatigue failure in the poppet valve assembly. For a piston accumulator, the piston may be driven into the stops repeatedly affecting seals or cause a fatigue failure in the piston stop. Too low of a pre-charge pressure and the accumulator may not maintain desired minimum hydraulic system pressure. Also a low pre-charge pressure will allow a piston accumulator to repeatedly hit the up stops leading to premature failure of the accumulator. For a bag accumulator, the bag may be forced into an unnatural shape (e.g.,with folds) leading to bag damage and premature bag failure. When sizing an accumulator the pre-charge pressure is an input to the sizing process. However, once the accumulator is sized the minimum and maximum gas volumes should be computed (under worst case conditions) and analyzed to ensure piston stops are not hit or that a bag cannot fully collapse or expand completely in the accumulator. Bladder Accumulator A bladder accumulator consists of pressure vessel with an internal elastomeric bladder with pressurized nitrogen on one side and hydraulic fluid on the other side (system side). Figure 1 shows a bladder accumulator. It has 3 stages of operation: The accumulator is charged with nitrogen through a valve installed in the top. The accumulator will be pre-charged to nominal pressure when the pumps are not operating. Secondly when nominal hydraulic system pressure is applied the bag will be compressed to its fully compressed state. When the bag is fully compressed, the nitrogen pressure and the hydraulic pressure are equal. Finally as system pressure drops the bag expands, forcing fluid from the accumulator into the system. As the bag expands pressure in the bag decreases. The bag will continue to expand until the bag pressure equals the hydraulic pressure (which will be lower than nominal system pressure) or the bag fills the entire accumulator volume which is an undesirable situation. A poppet valve keeps the bag in accumulator from being pulled into the downstream tubing should the bag over-expand. If the bag was pulled into the downstream tubing, the accumulator would never recharge and normal flow from the pump would be constricted. The maximum flow rate of the accumulator is controlled by the opening area (orifice) and the pressure difference across the opening. Figure http://www.globalspec.com/NpaPics/18/146314_030520074661_ExhibitPic.JPGAccumulator, Bladder Typehttp://www.globalspec.com/NpaPics/18/146314_030520074661_ExhibitPic.JPG The main advantages of a bladder accumulator are fast acting, no hysteresis, not susceptible to contamination and consistent behaviour under similar conditions. Accumulators are easy to charge with the right equipment. Because there is no piston mass, the speed of the bladder accumulator is governed by the gas, which reacts very fast to changes in hydraulic system pressure. Hence bladder accumulators are the best choice for pressure pulsation damping. Also, the bladder attachment internal to the accumulator has proven to be very reliable in service. Of course there is always the potential for bladder failure, which is a failure that would not usually be detectable in service. Also, temperature differences on the gas will have some affect on performance. The main limitation of bladder accumulators is the compression ratio (maximum system pressure to pre-charge pressure) which is limited to approximately 4 to 1. Hence gas accumulators will be larger than other accumulators for the same flow requirements. The pre-charge pressure is typically set to approximately 80% of the minimum desired hydraulic system pressure. Diaphragm Accumulator A diaphragm accumulator is similar to bag accumulator except an elastomeric diaphragm is used in lieu of a bag. This would typically reduce the usable volume of the accumulator so the diaphragm accumulator may not have volume capacity of a bladder accumulator. A schematic of a diaphragm accumulator is shown in Figure 2. http://www.machinerylubrication.com/articles/200907/pg26b.gif Figure http://www.machinerylubrication.com/articles/200907/pg26b.gif The behaviour characteristics of a diaphragm accumulator are similar to a bag accumulator and have the same advantages and disadvantages. However a diaphragm accumulator may be spherical or cylindrical (or possibly other shapes) which may be an advantage in some installations. The main difference with bladder accumulators is an increased maximum compressions ratio (maximum system pressure to pre-charge pressure) of approximately 8 to 1. Piston Accumulator A gas piston accumulator is shown in Figure 3. A gas piston accumulator has a piston which slides against the accumulator housing on seals. On one side of the piston is nitrogen and on the other side is the hydraulic fluid and connection to the system. A fill port allows pressurization of the nitrogen. Accumulator, Piston Type Figure http://www.tobul.com/index.php?option=com_contenttask=viewid=13Itemid=27 A gas piston accumulator will not respond to transient pressures as fast as a bladder accumulator due to the mass of the piston (frequency characteristics depend on piston mass and spring characteristics of the nitrogen). However, a piston accumulator will have better damping due to hydraulic leakage (viscous damping) and friction between the piston and housing (coulomb friction seal friction). Piston accumulators may also be more prone to leakage than other types of accumulators due to the seals. Piston accumulators will generally provide higher flow rates than gas accumulators for equal accumulator volumes. This is because piston accumulators can accommodate higher pressure ratios (maximum system pressure to pre-charge pressure) than gas accumulators, up to 10 to 1, compared with bladder accumulator ratios of 4 to 1. The disadvantages of piston accumulators are that they are more susceptible to fluid contamination, have a lower response time than bladder (unless the piston accumulator is at a very high pressure) and will have hysteresis from the seal friction. The pre-charge for a gas piston accumulator is typically set to around 90% of minimum desired hydraulic system pressure. A schematic of a spring piston accumulator is shown in Figure Accumulator, Spring Type In a spring accumulator, the spring applies a force to a piston which compresses (or pressurizes) the fluid in the accumulator. As normal system pressure, the spring will be fully compressed. As system flow demands exceed the pump capacity, the spring will extend pushing the piston which in turn pushes fluid into the adjoining pipe. Hence the accumulator supplements pump flow. The maximum response time of the accumulator is set by the natural frequency, which is computed using Metal bellows accumulators are used where a fast response time is not critical yet reliability is important. Emergency brake accumulators are a good application for metal bellows accumulators. The metal bellows accumulator consists of a pressure vessel with a metal bellows assembly separating fluid and nitrogen. The accumulator is similar to a piston accumulator, except a metal bellows replaces piston and piston seals. Metal bellows accumulators are very reliable and long life components, and have a proven service history. Metal bellows accumulators are pre-charged by supplier and then permanently sealed leading to a maintenance free accumulator. Metal bellows accumulators will be slow in responding to pressure changes due to increased mass of piston and bellows. The advantages to the metal bellows type include exceptionally low spring rate, allowing the gas charge to do all the work with little change in pressure from full to empty, and a long stroke relative to solid (empty) height, which gives maximum storage volume for a given container size. The welded metal bellows accumulator provides an exceptionally high level of accumulator performance, and can be produced with a broad spectrum of alloys resulting in a broad range of fluid compatibility. Another advantage to this type is that it does not face issues with high pressure operation, thus allowing more energy storage capacity. Applications of Accumulators to KERS One of the main applications of hydraulic accumulators is storing energy. Hydro-pneumatic accumulators incorporate a gas in conjunction with a hydraulic fluid. The fluid has little dynamic power storage qualities. The fluid can only be reduced a small amount in volume even under high pressure. Therefore when only a small amount of the total contained volume is released, the pressure of the remaining fluid in the system will drop to zero. However, the relative incompressibility of a hydraulic fluid makes it ideal for fluid power systems and provides quick response to power demand. The gas, however working with the hydraulic fluid in the accumulator, can be compressed to high pressures and low volumes. Potential energy is stored in this compressed gas to be released upon demand. In the piston type accumulator the energy in the compressed gas exerts pressure against the piston separating the gas and hydraulic fluid. The piston in turn forces the fluid from the cylinder into the system a nd to the location where useful work will be accomplished. On this basis, with respect to all the types of accumulator a hydro-pneumatic accumulator would be ideal for storing the energy taken out of a bike whilst braking.. Of course the loss of pressurized gas in a sealed accumulator is a failure critical to safety when it plays such an important role as braking. A team of engineering students from university of Michigan undertook a project to use a hydro-pneumatic regenerative braking on a bicycle. It was a redevelopment of a heavier previous attempt to make a working prototype to fit within a 29 front wheel. They use a 0.5L accumulator and believed this to be sufficient in storing the required energy at a maximum working system pressure of 5000psi. They failed to test and thus supply conclusive results for the performance characteristics but through theoretical analysis they prescribe the key parameters fig. Figure Its weight is clearly impractical as it weighs almost as much as a conventional bike at 13kg. In terms of weight of a bicycle with respect to saving weight, it is more important to have lighter wheels than a lighter bike frame. This is because the rolling resistance is applied at the wheels although it carries half the overall weight of bike and rider a lighter wheel makes it easier to initially start a bike. Based on the team from michigans ( ) the following calculations outline the practicality of implementing a hydraulic KERS. Firstly for a hydraulic system to be implemented the storage must be addressed the capacity must be determined and pressures needed to store the kinetic energy. A bike braking from 20mph requires 5000J of energy to power. From Parkers website a manufacture of accumulator and motors parkers rate the ACP series accumulators at max pressure 5000psi, if assuming A hydraulic KERS must use a hydraulic motor to provide enough torque to drive the bike as well as provide enough resistive torque to be an effective brake. A bicycle travelling at 20mph on 26 wheels spins the motor through 18:1 gear ratio of the pump gear train which then spins the motor 4632rpm, corresponding to 4.52 N-m torques at 3000 psi. This translates to a braking torque of about 81.36 N-m applied to the main gear due to the 18:1 gear ratio. From this brake torque is an effective brake On release of pressure fully charged 5000 psi accumulator generates 7.57 N-m of torques. The 14:1 gear ratio of the motor gear train applies a 105 N-m torque to the main bicycle cluster gear. 7.57 N-m corresponds to around 800 rpm from its torque rpm curve, which turns the main gear at around 57 rpm due to the 14:1 gear ratio. This torque from fig can propel a bike at Conclusion The accumulator doesnt need to be an excessively large capacity to release enough energy to propel a bike 20mph, upon releasing the energy at a pre-charge of 3200psi. But a larger accumulator is needed for the accumulator to give more than one bursts using its full capacity. A hydraulic motor can produce 81.36N-m braking torque which is an effective brake. Furthermore an accumulator can power a hydraulic motor provide an accelerating torque to propel a bicycle. However based on the weight of the design from univerty of Michigan their prototype was 13kg, they used two accumulators plus they attached it to a bracket that probably contributed to the majority of the weight.

Alexandra Bergman in Willa Cather’s O Pioneers Essay -- Willa Cather O

Alexandra Bergman in Willa Cather’s O Pioneers Works Cited Not Included Alexandra Bergman’s lack of self awareness allows others to forget that she is a woman and, at times, even human, which continuously builds the wall of isolation that surrounds her. As a result, when she reacts to situations as a woman would, rather than as â€Å"she† should, those around her don’t know what to make of it. Because she has been such a steady influence for so many years, those around her do not understand that perhaps she did have another dream besides working the land that she seems to care so deeply about. Her brothers in particular are unable to comprehend that Alexandra is a woman and was forced into the life she has lead by their father’s fantasy rather than by her own free will. Perhaps the only people who truly understand her dilemma are Ivar and Carl. Ivar is a â€Å"natural man† and a religious mystic and Carl a man who was unable to make a living from the land– neither is respected by their peers, and yet they have so me sort of insight to Alexandra’s heart that even she has failed to acknowledge. Alexandra’s walls are brought down only by love: love of her youngest brother, love of the land, and the return of the childhood love she thought was lost to her– as these loves begin to change her, her outlook on her entire life begins to change and meld into something that only those who actually know who and what she is recognize: a woman. Although Alexandra begins working the land to fulfill her father’s dying wish, no one in her early life ever realizes that perhaps she had other dreams and other wishes. â€Å"You feel that, properly, Alexandra’s house is the big out-of-doors, and that it is in the soil that she expresses herself best,† an... ...hemes fed their families, Alexandra’s hope was renewed continually by the promise of Emil’s future. When he dies, her dreams for his future are shattered, but her own are then able to be seen more clearly, without the filter of another person to care for. Ivar allows her to be herself to some extent, and more importantly can talk to her about things that only they can understand, about the land and the earth and the forces that move within it. Finally, Carl comes to his childhood friend’s rescue and reminds her that there is an entire world outside of Nebraska, and in that world she doesn’t always have to be the only one who truly cares. Through all of these men’s influences, Alexandra is in turn optimistic, hopeful, broken, and renewed. Without these changes within her self, she would never come to know exactly who and what she is– a farmer, a pioneer, and a woman.

The Ka and Molar Mass of a Monoprotic Weak Acid

The Ka and Molar Mass of a Monoprotic Weak Acid Chemistry Lab 152 Professor: James Giles November 7, 2012 Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to determine the pKa, Ka, and molar mass of an unknown acid (#14). The pKa was found to be 3. 88, the Ka was found to be 1. 318 x 10 -4, and the molar mass was found to be 171. 9 g/mol. Introduction Acids differ considerable as to their strength. The difference between weak and strong acids can be as much as 10 orders of magnitude.Strong acids dissociate more completely than weak acids, meaning they produce higher concentrations of the conjugate base anion (A-) and the hydronium cation (H30+) in solution. HA(aq) + H20 (( A- + H3O+ With the following formula the degree to which an acid dissociates (Ka) can be calculated and given a numerical value. Ka = [A-][H3O+] / [HA] Ka is the conventional way of measuring an acid’s strength. The purpose of this experiment was to determine the Ka of an unknown acid, along with its pKa and mol ar mass. Experimental The unknown acid for this experiment was #14.The experiment began with the preparation and standardization of NaOH solution. It was calculated that 2. 00 grams of NaOH pellets were needed to prepare 0. 5 L of 0. 1 M NaOH solution. The solution was then standardized by conducting three titration trials. It was calculated that 0. 7148 grams of KHP were necessary to neutralize 35 mL of the 0. 1 M NaOH. Three samples of KHP were weighed approximating this number (Table 1). Each sample was mixed with 40 mL of deionized water and 2 drops of phenolphthalein in 3 Erlenmeyer flasks. Each flask was then titrated with the NaOH to a light pink endpoint.The volumes of NaOH were recorded, averaged, and the standardized. The molarity of the NaOH was found to be 0. 0981. Assuming a molar mass of 100 g/mol, it was calculated that 0. 3930 g of acid was needed to neutralize 40 mL of the standardized NaOH solution. This amount was weighed out on an electronic balance to full preci sion and added to a clean 250 mL beaker. The acid was first diluted with 10 mL of isopropanol and then 90 mL of water. A pH meter was immersed in the acid solution and an initial pH reading of 2. 61 was recorded.A buret filled with the NaOH solution was incrementally added to the acid solution and the changing pH values were recorded (Table 2). As the pH meter approached the equivalence point the amount of NaOH added each time was reduced. As the Table 2 shows, the pH rose significantly with the addition of little NaOH over this interval. This information was plotted using Graphical Analysis producing a titration curve graph of pH vs. NaOH (Graph 1). Additional calculations and graphs were produced to help identify the equivalence point: ? pH/? V vs. NaOH (Graph 2) and Vtotal x 10-ph vs. NaOH (Graph 3) Tables and CalculationsPreparation of 500 mL of 0. 1 M NaOH M = moles / volume 0. 1 M NaOH = moles NaOH / 0. 5 L H20 = 0. 05 moles NaOH 0. 05 moles NaOH x 39. 986 g/mol NaOH = 1. 99 g NaOH Preparation of KHP 0. 1 M NaOH = moles NaOH / 0. 035 mL NaOH = . 0035 moles NaOH 0. 0035 moles KHP x 204. 233 g/mole KHP = 0. 7148 g KHP Table 1: NaOH Titration Trials |Trial |KHP |NaOH (to titrate to endpoint) | | |(grams) |(mL) | |1 |0. 7159 |35. 75 | |2 |0. 7147 |35. 65 | |3 |0. 7149 |35. | | | | Avg. 35. 66 | Standardization of NaOH 0. 0035 moles NaOH / . 03566 mL NaOH = 0. 0981 M NaOH Table 2: pH vs. NaOH Values |NaOH |pH |NaOH |pH |NaOH |pH |NaOH |pH | |(mL) | |(mL) | |(mL) | |(mL) | | |0 |2. 61 |19. 2 |4. 54 |22. 15 |6. 56 |25. 4 |9. 74 | |2 |2. 94 |19. 4 |4. 58 |22. 2 |6. 2 |25. 9 |9. 82 | |4 |3. 18 |19. 6 |4. 61 |22. 25 |6. 87 |26. 4 |9. 96 | |5 |3. 3 |19. 8 |4. 65 |22. 3 |6. 98 |26. 9 |10. 02 | |6 |3. 4 |20 |4. 68 |22. 35 |7. 06 |27. 4 |10. 11 | |7 |3. 49 |20. 2 |4. 72 |22. 4 |7. 14 |28. 4 |10. 21 | |8 |3. 58 |20. 4 |4. 77 |22. 5 |7. 24 |29. 4 |10. 1 | |9 |3. 66 |20. 6 |4. 84 |22. 6 |7. 44 |31. 4 |10. 46 | |10 |3. 73 |20. 8 |4. 88 |22. 7 |7. 58 |33. 4 |10. 58 | |11 | 3. 88 |21 |4. 94 |22. 8 |7. 73 |35. 4 |10. 67 | |12 |3. 91 |21. 2 |5. 02 |22. 9 |7. 89 |36. 4 |10. 75 | |13 |3. 97 |21. 4 |5. 11 |23 |8. 03 |39. 4 |10. 87 | |14 |4. 04 |21. |5. 25 |23. 1 |8. 17 |42. 4 |10. 96 | |15 |4. 11 |21. 7 |5. 32 |23. 2 |8. 38 |44. 4 |11. 02 | |16 |4. 19 |21. 8 |5. 45 |23. 3 |8. 51 | | | |16. 5 |4. 24 |21. 85 |5. 52 |23. 4 |8. 65 | | | |17 |4. 29 |21. 9 |5. 62 |23. 6 |8. 92 | | | |17. 5 |4. 34 |21. 95 |5. 71 |23. 8 |9. 9 | | | |18 |4. 4 |22 |5. 86 |24. 1 |9. 27 | | | |18. 5 |4. 45 |22. 05 |6. 1 |24. 4 |9. 39 | | | |19 |4. 52 |22. 1 |6. 4 |24. 9 |9. 62 | | | Graph 1: pH vs. NaOH Titration Curve [pic] Estimated volume of NaOH at equivalence point based on titration curve: 22. 30 mL NaOH. Table 3: ? pH/? V vs. NaOH Values |NaOH |? pH/? V |NaOH |? pH/? V |NaOH |? pH/?V |NaOH |? pH/? V | |(mL) | |(mL) | |(mL) | |(mL) | | |2 |0. 12 |19. 2 |0. 2 |22. 1 |3. 2 |24. 4 |0. 46 | |4 |0. 12 |19. 4 |0. 15 |22. 15 |3. 2 |24. 9 |0. 24 | |5 |0. 1 |19. 6 |0. 2 |22. 2 |3 |25. 4 | 0. 16 | |6 |0. 09 |19. 8 |0. 15 |22. 25 |2. 2 |25. 9 |0. 28 | |7 |0. 9 |20 |0. 2 |22. 3 |1. 6 |26. 4 |0. 12 | |8 |0. 08 |20. 2 |0. 2 |22. 35 |1. 6 |26. 9 |0. 18 | |9 |0. 07 |20. 4 |0. 35 |22. 4 |1 |27. 4 |0. 1 | |10 |0. 15 |20. 6 |0. 2 |22. 5 |2 |28. 4 |0. 1 | |11 |0. 03 |20. 8 |0. 3 |22. 6 |1. 4 |29. 4 |0. 075 | |12 |0. 06 |21 |0. |22. 7 |1. 5 |31. 4 |0. 06 | |13 |0. 07 |21. 2 |0. 45 |22. 8 |1. 6 |33. 4 |0. 045 | |14 |0. 07 |21. 4 |0. 7 |22. 9 |0. 1 |35. 4 |0. 08 | |15 |0. 08 |21. 6 |0. 7 |23 |1. 4 |36. 4 |0. 04 | |16 |0. 1 |21. 7 |1. 3 |23. 1 |2. 1 |39. 4 |0. 03 | |16. 5 |0. 1 |21. 8 |1. 4 |23. 2 |1. |42. 4 |0. 03 | |17 |0. 1 |21. 85 |2 |23. 3 |1. 4 | | | |17. 5 |0. 12 |21. 9 |1. 8 |23. 4 |1. 35 | | | |18 |0. 1 |21. 95 |3 |23. 6 |0. 85 | | | |18. 5 |0. 14 |22 |4. 8 |23. 8 |0. 3 | | | |19 |0. 1 |22. 05 |6 |24. 1 |0. 4 | | |Graph 2: ? pH/? V vs. NaOH [pic] Estimated volume of NaOH at equivalence point based on ? pH/? V vs. NaOH graph: 22. 30 mL NaOH. Table 4: Vtotal x 10-ph vs. NaOH Values |NaOH |Vtotal x 10-ph |NaOH |Vtotal x 10-ph | |(mL) | |(mL) | | |19. 8 |0. 000443 |21. 6 |0. 000121 | |20 |0. 000417 |21. 7 |0. 000104 | |20. 2 |0. 000385 |21. 8 |7. 70E-05 | |20. 4 |0. 000346 |21. 85 |6. 60E-05 | |20. 6 |0. 000298 |21. 9 |5. 0E-05 | |20. 8 |0. 000274 |21. 95 |4. 30E-05 | |21 |0. 000241 |22 |3. 00E-05 | |21. 2 |0. 000202 |22. 05 |1. 80E-05 | |21. 4 |0. 000166 | | | Graph 3: Vtotal x 10-ph vs. NaOH [pic] Estimated volume NaOH at equivalence point based on Vtotal x 10-ph vs. NaOH graph: 22. 20 mL NaOH Calculating Ka of Unknown Acid pH at ? equivalence point volume: 3. 88 Ka = 10 -3. 88 = 1. 318 x 10 -4 Ka = 1. 318 x 10-4 Calculating the Molar Mass of the Unknown Acid 0. 0981 M NaOH = moles acid / . 02330 L NaOH = 0. 023 moles acid 0. 3930 g acid / 0. 0023 moles acid = 171. 9 g/mol Analysis of Error There is a high degree of agreement among the 3 graphs and therefore a low degree of error in this experiment. According to the Graphical Analysis program, Graphs 1 and 2 indicated that the total volume of NaOH at the equivalence point was 22. 30 mL. Graph 3 indicated a volume of 22. 20 mL, a difference of 0. 1 mL. Discussion Based upon the range of possible values for Ka, anywhere from 3. 2 x 109 for Hydroiodic acid (one of the strongest) to 5. 8 x 10-10 for Boric acid (one of the weakest), this experiment’s unknown acid solution (Ka = 1. 18 x 10-4) falls roughly in the lower quarter of strength. This estimate fits its titration curve. In general, strong acids quickly go from a very low pH to a very high pH, e. g. , 2 to 12, while weak acids quickly go from a lower pH to a higher pH, e. g. , 6 to 10. The unknown solution for this experiment jump from 5 to 10 pH, which is consistent with a Ka of 1. 318 x 10-4 and a weaker acid. References Darrell D. Ebbing and Steven D Gammon, General Chemistry, 9th ed. Cengage Learning: Ohio, 2009. Department of Physical Science—Chemistry, Mesa Community College. The Ka and Molar Mass of a Monop rotic Weak Acid (handout).

Marijuana vs Tobacco Essay Example

Marijuana vs Tobacco Essay Example Marijuana vs Tobacco Paper Marijuana vs Tobacco Paper Marihuana Vs Tobacco Nowadays there is a big dilemma to whether legalize marijuana or not and whether marijuana is really a lot more dangerous than tobacco. There are big differences between the two of them, but there is, without any doubt, one that has a lot more negative effects on the human body and the human brain than the other. Due to research we can compare them and conclude which one is worse. Marijuana is a green, brown, or gray mixture of dried, shredded leaves, stems, seeds, and flowers of the hemp plant (Cannabis sativa). Cannabis is a term that refers to marijuana and other drugs made from the same plant. Other forms of cannabis include hashish, and hash oil. All forms of cannabis are mind-altering drugs (Zimmer and Morgan 1). The main active chemical in marijuana is THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol). Short-term effects of marijuana use include problems with memory and learning, distorted perception, difficulty in thinking and problem solving, loss of coordination, increased heart rate, and anxiety (Zimmer and Morgan 1-2). Marijuana is usually smoked as a cigarette (called a joint) or in a pipe or â€Å"bong†. Marijuana has also appeared in blunts, which are cigars that have been emptied of tobacco and refilled with marijuana, sometimes in combination with another drug, such as crack. It can also be mixed into foods or used to brew a tea (Zimmer and Morgan 2). According to the Palo Alto Medical Foundation tobacco is an agricultural crop that is used to make cigarettes. It is grown all over the world and supports a billion-dollar industry. Tobacco is dried and processed, then either placed into cigarettes and processed, or manufactured for chewing tobacco. The psychoactive ingredient is nicotine, a stimulant, but more than 4,000 other chemicals (2,000 of which are known to be poisonous) are present in cigarettes (Health). Tobacco is a nervous system stimulant that triggers complex biochemical and neurotransmitter disruptions. It elevates heart rate and blood pressure, constricts blood vessels, irritates lung tissue, and diminishes your ability to taste and smell (Health). Many people think smoking marijuana is just as harmful as smoking tobacco, but this is not true. Those who hold that marijuana is equivalent to tobacco are misinformed. Due to the efforts of various federal agencies to discourage the use of marijuana in the 1970s the government conducted several biased studies designed to return results that would equate marijuana smoking with tobacco smoking, or worse. For example the Berkeley carcinogenic tar studies of the late 1970s concluded that marijuana is one-and-a-half times as carcinogenic as tobacco. This finding was based solely on the tar content of cannabis leaves compared to that of tobacco, and did not take radioactivity into consideration. Cannabis tars do not contain radioactive materials. ) In addition, it was not considered that: 1) Most marijuana smokers smoke the bud, not the leaf, of the plant. The bud contains only 33% as much tar as tobacco. 2) Marijuana smokers do not smoke anywhere near as much as tobacco smokers, due to the psychoactive effects of cannabis. 3) Not one case of lung cancer has ever been successfully linked to marijuana use. 4) Cannabis, unlike tobacco, does not cause any narrowing of the small air passageways in the lungs (Howard). In fact, marijuana has been shown to be an expectorant and actually dilates the air channels it comes in contact with. This is why many asthma sufferers look to marijuana to provide relief. Doctors have postulated that marijuana may, in this respect, be more effective than all of the prescription drugs on the market (Howard). Studies even show that due to marijuanas ability to clear the lungs of smog, pollutants, and cigarette smoke, it may actually reduce your risk of emphysema, bronchitis, and lung cancer. Smokers of cannabis have been shown to outlive non-smokers in some areas by up to two years. Medium to heavy tobacco smokers will live seven to ten years longer if they also smoke marijuana. Cannabis is also radically different from tobacco in that it does not contain nicotine and is not addictive whatsoever. The psychoactive ingredient in marijuana, THC, has been accused of causing brain and genetic damage, but these studies have all been disproven. In fact, the DEAs own Administrative Law Judge has declared that marijuana in its natural form is far safer than many foods we commonly consume (Young). Heavy marijuana smokers show less evidence of lung injury from smoking marijuana than heavy tobacco smokers, and it may be cannabinoids that are protecting them from developing a condition like emphysema. Thats according to the principal investigator of a study done at the University of California at Los Angeles (Young). Speaking at the third annual meeting of the International Cannabis Research Society a pulmonologist and UCLA professor of medicine, concluded:† heavy marijuana use did not cause the same degree of lung injury from smoking marijuana as tobacco smoke† (Tashkin). My own feeling is that marijuana smokers probably will not develop emphysema as a consequence of smoking marijuana, he said, but cautioned that does not rule out the development of other conditions like respiratory carcinoma. It may be that the THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol) in marijuana could have different effects on inflammatory cells, which may mediate injury in the lung. (Gagnon) His study , which aimed to measure the pulmonary effects of habitual marijuana use, followed nine tobacco smokers, 10 marijuana smokers, 10 nonsmokers and four smokers of both marijuana and tobacco. He gave both quantitative and qualitative explanations for his finding. Marijuana users in the study smoked three or four joints daily for 15 years on average, while tobacco smokers in the study smoked 25 cigarettes daily over a period of 20 years, indicating a marked difference in exposure to smoke. There is a seven-fold difference in the amount of smoke to which marijuana and tobacco smokers are exposed, he said. Its the quantitative difference in smoke exposure that might explain the difference in the degree of lung injury as assessed by these physiologic indices. Moreover, the phagocytes gathered from the lungs of marijuana smokers do not have the same properties as those gathered from the lungs of tobacco smokers. We have previously shown that the macrophages that are harvested from the rinse-out of the lungs of marijuana smokers seem not to be activated, he said. They do not release toxic oxygen species, either under basal conditions or under stimulated conditions nearly to the extent that tobacco macrophages do. If anything, basal secretion of superoxide seems to be reduced in the marijuana smokers. â€Å"The clearance of the molecule diethylene triamine penta acetate (DTPA) from the lung, believed to be a more sensitive indicator of lung injury than measuring the lungs diffusing capacity† (Tashkin). If DTPA clearance is accelerated, then it implies an increase in the leakiness of the alveolar epithelial membrane, which implies injury to the membrane, he said. Dr. Tashkin noted DTPA clearance is accelerated in tobacco smoke- related lung injury. Initially, the chronic effects of marijuana smoke were measured in omparison to those of tobacco smoke: DTPA clearance was measured at about 12 hours after the last marijuana or tobacco cigarette smoked. To determine the acute effects of marijuana and tobacco smoking, Dr. Tashkin restudied these smokers a week or two later, giving them a single joint of marijuana or a single tobacco cigarette or both, and then measuring DTPA clearance 15 minutes subsequently. What we found was the clearance of DTPA was abnormally rapid from the lung in the tobacco smokers, he said. It was about twice the rate of non-smokers. In the marijuana smokers, there was a tendency toward a much less rapid rate of clearance. There was no acute effect in either tobacco or marijuana, and there was no added effect of marijuana or tobacco. (Tashkin) As with the lungs to tobacco smokers, when the lungs of marijuana smokers are washed out, a marked increase in the number of alveolar macrophages is witnessed. But whereas tobacco smoke has a concomitant effect of activating the macrophages, leading to the subsequent release of certain toxic substances, marijuana smoke fails to activate the macrophages, Dr. Tashkin said. He noted this difference could be attributed to differential regulation of cytokins. It may be that the macrophages from marijuana smokers release certain suppressive cytokins, like transforming growth factor- beta, which is known to suppress the inflammatory activity of nearly all of the site populations, he said. In an editorial called Comparing Cannabis with Tobacco posted by Dr. Dean Edell in September 22, 2003, he says that two large studies reported no increase in death associated with the use of cannabis. Even diseases that might be related to long term cannabis use are unlikely to have a sizeable public health impact because, unlike users of tobacco and alcohol, most people who try cannabis quit relatively early in their adult lives† (Edell 635-6). â€Å"Exposure to smoke is generally much lower in cannabis than in tobacco cigarette smokers, even taking into account the larger exposure per puff. Existing studies do not support a link between the use of ca nnabis and heart disease, the leading cause of death in many Western countries† (Edell 635-6). Furthermore, cannabis does not contain nicotine, a chemical contained in tobacco that is addicting and contributes to the risk of heart disease. However, two caveats must be noted regarding available data, warns Dr. Edell. Firstly, the studies to date have not followed cannabis smokers into later adult life so it might be too early to detect an increase risk of chronic diseases that are potentially associated with the use of cannabis. Secondly, the low rate of regular cannabis use and the high rate of discontinuation during young adulthood may reflect the illegality and social disapproval of the use of cannabis. This means that we cannot assume that smoking cannabis would continue to have the same small impact on mortality if its use were to be decriminalized or legalized. While the use of cannabis is not harmless, our current knowledge does not support the assertion that it has an adverse impact on death rates, says the author. ANNUAL AMERICAN DEATHS CAUSED BY DRUGS TOBACCO 400,000 ALCOHOL 100,000 ALL LEGAL DRUGS . 20,000 ALL ILLEGAL DRUGS.. 15,000 CAFFEINE .. ,000 ASPIRIN 500 MARIJUANA . 0 - Source: United States government National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bureau of Mortality Statistics Marijuana does not cause serious health problems like those caused by tobacco or alcohol (e. g. , strong addiction, cancer, heart problems, birth defects, emphysema, liver damage, etc. ). It is not more dangerous. Smoked tobacco, with a 90% addiction rate, is the most addictive of all drugs while marijuana is less addictive than caffeine. Cigarettes kill more than 400,000 people a year and there has never been a death reported from smoking marijuana. One would have to consume 40,000 times as much marijuana as you need to get stoned. Death from a marijuana overdose is impossible. Edell, Dean. â€Å"Comparing cannabis with tobacco†. 22 September 2003. BMJ Volume 327, pp 635-6. ; healthcentral. com/drdean/408/60640. html; Howard, Geese. â€Å"Cigarrettes vs Marijuana. † Digg 23 September 2006 ;http://digg. com/health/Cigarettes_vs_Marijuana; Legalization of Marijuana. 10 February 2008. lt; legalizationofmarijuana. com; Tashkin, Donald, Francis Young and Louis Gagnon. Marijuana less harmful to lungs than Cigarrettes. Medical Post. 6 September 1994. ;http://uncletaz. com/marijuana/ potcig. html; What is Tobacco? Health Promotion Services, Vaden Health Center, Stanford University. February 2004. ; pamf. org/teen/risk/smoking/whatis. html; Zimmer, Lynn and John P. Morgan. Marijuana myths Marijuana Facts: A Re view of the Scientific Evidence. August 1997. ; medicalmarihuana. ca/ books. html. ;

buy custom Early Childhood Assiment essay

buy custom Early Childhood Assiment essay The young generation is an embodiment of the future. This is a statement that underlies the truth and fundamentals upon which any community or a generation, in its very broad sense, is built. In this case, the young generation is wholly represented by children who at their present ages may seem of little or no use in as far as development issues are concerned but represent the future of these developments. To start off children are a blessing and, therefore, they should be appreciated as well as trained efficiently to cope with the situations that the world today presents. To this effect, children who might not be fortunate enough to receive proper parental guidance due to circumstances such as death of parents their early ages or complete neglect in the form of abandonment should be granted that opportunity through enrolling them in children centers such as Summerville and the proposed Wintergrove children centre. This enables them to acquire relevant skills and virtues required of them as regards the various issues that have bedeviled the contemporary world. Such issues are mostly challenges that would require proper understanding of the real world to unravel. One such issue is that of environmental degradation that has staked a major claim as a global threat yet most humans still conduct certain activities whilst turning a blind eye on the consequences. This irresponsible behavior calls for proper orientation that would not stem out of classroom teachings or protests of environmental groups but from life teachings offered to children as they grow up. The effectiveness of these teachings would be seen from the sense that the children are molded into individuals who embrace the issue of sustainability as a responsibility rather than an obligation. The importance of child centers comes in handy especially when the blessing of proper parentage fails to suffice in a childs life. It is for this reason, therefore, that the proposed children centre in Wintergrove is poised to etch its mark not only as rescue and child centre but a growth and virtue-instilling centre as well. This essay explains into detail, the measures being taken by this proposed project as it seeks to become an excellent childrens centre. How can the Wintergrove childrens centre project co-ordinate the planning of its organization? To achieve successful outcomes i.e. the project living up to its billing as an all round children centre that does not only nurture and care for young abandoned children but also instills in them requisite virtues in as far as the environment in which they grow up is concerned, there has to be efficient and effective plans in place with realistic targets and achievement mechanisms. This being a community project, there might be a variety of plans and goals intended to materialize at the end of it all. This therefore, calls forth the coordination of these goals so as to reach the expected targets. Just like any other organization, Wintergrove will require some efficient code to aid in regulating its activities in order to achieve the expected outcomes. The three major aspects to be considered for coordination are development of a profile, development of a philosophy as well as a mission statement and lastly the process of outlining the specific goals and relevant strategies needed to arrive at their solutions. What is the essence of a profile in an organization? A profile can be described as a brief summary of an organization that outlines in very precise ways the activities conducted by the activity, its location and its targets. It is a means through which any organization would sell to the population its ideas and reasons for operation. Therefore for a project with humanitarian services at heart such as Wintergrove, a profile has to be in existence to sell the organization to the community and even the world at large. What constitutes an organizations profile? There are key components that must be present in any profile to enable it to achieve its meaning as some kind of badge or even logo. These components include the organizations location, history, available facilities and the environment. Therefore for the case of Wintergrove, the profile would represent something like this; Location: The Wintergrove children centre is situated in the coastal area of NWS not so far away from the Summerville childrens centre. The position of this childrens centre has been hailed as strategic considering it offers its wide range of services to the vast and cosmopolitan population that has increased tremendously in the region due to, increased migration and settlement patterns, as well as increased birth and mortality rates recorded in the recent past. Type of service: This organization is part of the large service industry that exists in the town. It aims at providing parental care to helpless and hopeless children through providing relevant services such as care, training and education. History: The Wintergrove centre was constructed as a sister organization to the much established Summerville children centre to help the many children subjected to poor parentage and the harsh realities of life such as death against a backdrop of an inflated population resulting from increased birth rates and increased immigration into the town. Facilities: The WCC boasts of modern facilities used in the production of its services. Population: The WCC has a relatively small population considering its new status but with the increased swells recorded in the population of Wintergrove, this number is expected to rise rapidly. Currently there are 100 children 60of whom are male and the others female. Apart from that, there is a staff of about 50 (predominantly women) and the community that is actually the brainchild of this project. The children have ages ranging from 1 to 12 years while the staff members have varied ages. Environment: The growth of WCC has been credited largely to the Summerville community whose undying love for offering assistance to the needy propelled them into the construction and maintenance of the centre. The policies outlined by the community helps to keep the activities of the centre in check. WCCs philosophy and accompanying mission statement Wintergrove Children Centre is a community project that is aimed at achieving among many other goals, unity among the various cultural affiliations that compose the population of Wintergrove town, humanitarian services to the less fortunate and immigrants and education on the best ways to conserve the environment of the coastal town among other goals. To these effects, the organization was built on all encompassing policy of servicing the community. This is basically a summary of the main ideologies extrapolated in the working philosophy of the organization: service to the people, by the people and for the people. The word people here epitomizes the moderately large yet first growing population that forms the foundation upon which the Wintergrove town was formed. This philosophy serves to expose WCC as an investment made by the community for the community considering its services will be a reward to the community. The childrens center, therefore, has a mission statement that summarizes the philosophy whilst stressing on the importance of environmental conservation. The children being the major beneficiaries should be included in the mission statement. Therefore, WCC would have a mission statement of this kind; to produce efficient services in line with the needs of the children of our society and the community at large while holding high the basic ideals of environmental sustenance and conservation. What is a planning process and what goals and strategies can WCC put in place to satisfy the needs of the community? A planning process involves the setting of goals and relevant strategies required to attain these goals. This is always the first step in the organizational process of any organization and therefore determines the consequent activities and processes such as leadership, control and performance. The functionality of any organization is aimed at achieving these goals hence reasonability should be adopted as a guiding principle in the setting of these goals. These are some of the goals and strategies that WCC can base their operations on; i. To enhance the strong community focus that forms the idealistic background upon which the activities of Wintergrove town is built. This serves to enhance the childrens belief on the impact of the community. This can be achieved through engaging he children in participatory events such as tree planting occasions and community servicing in a bid to elevate the need of community focus among children. ii. To facilitate a sense of community through encouraging networking and support to the rather isolated families in addition to incorporating the immigrants into the local systems thereby creating harmony and excellent conditions for them. This can be achieved through adopting standard set ups in as far as language and major practices are concerned. Adopting a standard language for instance could act to unify the community. iii. To encourage the harmonization of the cultural diversities through encouraging cultural interactions and promotion of the community management model that roots for unity. Considering the cosmopolitan nature of Wintergrove town, there is a need to inculcate into the children a sense of brotherhood so that the children learn to accept their peers and friends as their equals; their cultural backgrounds notwithstanding. iv. To promote the communitys ideals i.e. that of servicing through v. To appreciate the childrens contribution as the face of the future thereby inculcating into them desirable qualities that would allow them to embrace the growth of the future (especially as concerns the environment) as their responsibility. To achieve this goal children should be introduced to environmental lessons and the consequent dangers that underlie poor environmental governance. vi. To establish efficient structures at WCC that teaches children to respect and appreciate the beauty of nature. One step to conserve the environment lies in appreciating the benefits that accrue from it. The creation of WCC should act as a major building block upon which the children are taught how to appreciate the environment and its dynamics, embrace environment friendly practices such as green living, sustainability and recycling. vii. To create a centre that will help transform helpless and hopeless children into useful individuals in the community. The children centre in Wintergrove will help in nurturing, caring and instilling virtues into the children thereby helping them to grow into responsible members of the society. To achieve this, the centre could help the children to identify their potential strengths and help tem to build on them while making amends to their weaknesses so as to mould them into useful and responsible individuals. viii. To create a sense of belonging in the children so that the children, their different backgrounds notwithstanding, would be able to give back to the community. This allows the children to become part of the community and can be made possible through aligning the teachings offered at the centre for the national quality standards available to all Australian education systems. Who is a child care manager and what would be the impact of his role in the WCC? A child care manager is an individual at any children centers tasked with the responsibility of managing and supervising the day to day operations of the services offered to promote early childhood practices. Such duties and responsibilities would range from staff management to administrative tasks and the major responsibility of implementing the new policies and programs that would be formulated within the centre or controlling this process through the use of third parties. Being a very important stage in the development and sustainability of the company, the child care manager practically regulates the activities of any child centre organization such as the Wintergrove Childrens centre. Lastly, the child care manager acts as a link between the parents and the staff of the centre. This, he does through overseeing the organization parent partnership programs such as plan orientations, workshops and class parent involvement activities. In this way, the child care manager facilitates c ommunication between these two bodies whose interaction with the child could mean a lot to the child in as far as the childs development is concerned. This person will also see to it that all the applicable accrediting; licensing and regulatory frameworks necessary to the organization are to complied. The child care manager will also be responsible for the safety, security and maintenance of the facility in line with the communitys provisions. Miscellaneous tasks would include hiring, training and supervising the staff, developing and modifying classroom curriculum as well as schedules to ensure excellent practices that are development minded and also to supervise food services (supply and general usage of available stocks). What is an employment contract and how could WCC design their contract for the position of a child care manager? A job contract is a document that brings together the two major parties of an employer and an employee into a legal or in very few cases a mutual agreement over the terms and conditions of the employees job. It specifies the duration over which the job is scheduled to run, a witness and the salary payable to the employee in a given time span (mostly monthly). The contract for a child care manager would therefore be something like this; This is a job contract between WCC and Mr. /Mrs. (Name of employee) for the position of Child Care Manager as of (date of commencement) till (date of termination) as witnessed by (name of witness). The employee is scheduled to earn a monthly salary of $38,000 (approximate in Australian dollars) over the entire course of the job period with the bonuses of fringe payments and tokens considering the job done. The employee is expected to work within the provisions of the organization for the realization of the set goals to be made possible. Failure to do this would lead to disciplinary action that could amount to premature termination of the contract. (Martinson, 2003). The renewal of the contract is based on the service delivery in the previous contract period. Signed by (all the three groups of employer, employee and witness must certify the agreement). VACANCY! VACANCY! VACANCY! VACANCY! WINTERGROVE CHILDREN CENTRE ADDRESS LOCATION RE: Advertisement for the post of Child care manager at Wintergrove Children Centre The newly constructed Childrens Centre in Wintergrove town is looking for eligible candidates to fill the vacant position with the Child care manager. Being a new centre, the new manager is tasked with initiating the growth process at the organization to equal or even better other organizations offering such services. Coupled with the organizations philosophy and mission statements that advocate for environmental appreciation and development of useful members in society, the applicants must meet certain requirement to be eligible for this position. These requirements include: i. Must have obtained a Bachelors Degree in Early Childhood Education or better still, an advanced diploma in an area of study relevant to the child care servicing practices from recognized institutions ii. Must have served in the position of a director or even an assistant director in a previous institution offering child care programs such as daycares or others iii. Must have proper knowledge of the applicable child care regulations and licensing trends iv. Must posses excellent communication and presentation skills be it by word of mouth or literary. This is particularly important as it will help in boosting his/her figurehead roles of representing the organization at appropriate times. v. Must have excellent interpersonal skills which include creating excellent working conditions fort he staff, developing a rapport with students, staff members and the external environment. Excellent interpersonal skills are a prerequisite for any position of leadership as it determines how the manager will coordinate or rather cooperate with the other staff members thereby creating healthy working environments. vi. Must have proper leadership skills and exhibit leadership traits such as charisma, supervisory roles, organizational skills, motivational activities such as conducting orientations and report writing skills vii. Must have clean criminal records, excellent health conditions and current CPR or first aid certification. All these are provisions of the states child licensing and ought to be completed by the applicants viii. Knowledge of computer technology and on line operations would be of an added advantage alongside knowledge on agriculture (to help determine proper food balances), developing and conducting workshops or seminars/conferences for parents and other key stakeholders. All interested candidates are called upon to send in their applications to the Summerville community management body as from the 7th of September to the 30th of the same month. Thereafter, all applicants will be taken through thorough interviews on days to be mentioned later. Successful will be informed accordingly through the use of email services and phone calling. Interviewing for all applicants All the applicants of the interested individuals will be assessed and only those applicants who attain the required conditions will be shortlisted and invited to interview. A five member board (organizations representative, financiers representative, a member of the community management board to act as the communitys representative, a parents representative and lastly a government representative) will be instituted to conduct the interviews. The interviewees will be expected to report to the venue of the interview early and in formal outfits. Copies of relevant testimonials are accepted as long as they are in the line of duty. Privacy will be highly maintained between the interviewers and the respective interviewees while successful applicants will be expected to minimize any suggestive contacts while in the precincts of the interviewing region. The interviewees will be taken through a serious scanning process by the five-member interviewing panel and later dispersed. The results wil l then be communicated 3 days after (to allow for maximum time for effective evaluation of the results). The modes of communication would be through telephone and email services. Duty roster It is important to note that the organization has two types of employees; part time employees and full time employees. The part time employees are mostly volunteers who work in the child care sector while the full time employees are permanently contracted individuals (and even in some instances, professionals) who offer their services in the education sector of the organization. This implies that, the part time employees work for half days (6hours) considering the fact that that is the time period for which child care services are offered while their full time compatriots work for full days (12 hours) all through the year. The duty roster is designed specifically to assign duties to the service men; janitors, environmental education specialists, grounds men, child care specialists and the chefs. The organization has 4 executive chefs, 20 child care specialists, and 13 grounds men, 4 environmental specialists and 2 janitors. All the other executive positions of child centre manager, d eputy general manager, health care manager, child care manager, centres coordinator, office and support services manager and finance manager are not specified in the roster as they have fixed roles all through out the year and they are the only ones of their kind in the organizations. This eliminates the need for listing them in the roster. Duty roster of Wintergrove Childrens Centre Day Designation of employee(s) on duty Name of employee(s) Service tag numbers Monday 2 chefs Chef 1 and chef 2 N/A 4 environmental specialists E,R,T,Y 13 grounds men U,I,O,P,A,S,D,F,G,H 10 day care specialists; (F/T) (H/T) Sp1, sp3, sp5, sp7, sp9, sp11, sp13, sp15, sp17,sp19 One janitor Janitor 1 Tuesday 2 chefs Chef 2 and chef 4 4 environmental specialists E,R,T,Y 13 grounds men U,I,O,P,A,S,D,F,G,H 10 day care specialists; (5 F/T) (5 H/T) Sp2, sp4, sp6, sp8, sp10, sp12, sp14, sp16, sp18, sp 20 One janitor Janitor 2 Wednesday 2 chefs Chef 1 and chef 2 4 environmental specialists E,R,T,Y 13 grounds men U,I,O,P,A,S,D,F,G,H 10 day care specialists; (5 F/T) (5 H/T) Sp1, sp3, sp5, sp7, sp9, sp11, sp13, sp15, sp17,sp19 One janitor Janitor 1 Thursday 2 chefs Chef 2 and chef 4 4 environmental specialists E,R,T,Y 13 grounds men U,I,O,P,A,S,D,F,G,H 10 day care specialists; (5 F/T) (5 H/T) Sp2, sp4, sp6, sp8, sp10, sp12, sp14, sp16, sp18, sp 20 One janitor Janitor 2 Friday 2 chefs Chef 1 and chef 2 4 environmental specialists E,R,T,Y 13 grounds men U,I,O,P,A,S,D,F,G,H 10 day care specialists; (5 F/T) (5 H/T) Sp1, sp3, sp5, sp7, sp9, sp11, sp13, sp15, sp17,sp19 One janitor Janitor 1 Apart from the specialists and grounds men, all other employees are working on rotating schedules such that there is no employee in these categories who reports to duty on consecutive days. The attendance of these employees is also recorded on a daily basis to ensure consistency. The regulations of child centre development also limit the number of employees attending directly to children to specific quantities in line with the children population. INCOME/EXPENDITURE ANALYSIS OF THE WINTERGROVE INCOME Item Description/detail Number of children Amount in AUD paid by the children per week Total per month Total per year Child care fees 4 months to 2 years 25 2 years to 3 years 25 3 years to 5 years 25 5 years to 8 years 25 totals $500000 Registration fees Are made once in every year (when the children are admitted into WCC) 100 $200000 Initial capital Include funds obtained from fundraisings and capital from the community management board $1199000 Take out loans from banks Could include development loans issued to community based programs such as the WCC $100000 Grant programs Includes grants from the community and the corporate world, donations, humanitarian groups as well as environmental groups $1000000 Government agencies The federal/central government, local authorities $500000 Other sources Such as ACD, CAFCP $500000 Miscellaneous sources Payments made by trainees on orientation programs and $1500000 TOTAL $4990000 EXPENDITURE (Operating expenses) Salaries Service descriptions Number of employees Amount in AUD paid by per week Per month Per year Personnel/administrative fee Director/manager 1 $50000 Deputy director 1 $30000 Finance Manager 1 $30000 Health care manager 1 $30000 Children centre co-ordinator 1 $30000 Office support services manager 1 $30000 Supervisors (pre-school staff toddler room staff) 5 $15,000 Supply staff (service men) 38 $10000 TOTAL Staff costs FICA $20 Allowances $50 Fringing costs $50 Occupancy Rent/mortgage payment $1000 Costs of remodeling $10 Utilities deposits $10 Services on contract/ consultancy (leegal and professional fees) Real estate professionals, legal representatives among other professionals $15 Operating cash $5 Insurance covers (covers the occupancy, transport, ) $10 Supplies Catering/food services $500 Office equipment (to include costs of installation and maintenance) $1000 Program $20 Housekeeping $10 telephone $10 electricity $10 Water $10 Cleaning services $5 Transport services Fuelling each of the 2 vans owned by the organization for a weekly basis $200 Maintenance fees $10 Insurance covers $10 Depreciation costs Miscellaneous expenses Advertisement of various types Payment of certain portions into cash reserves $10 Payment of license fees $10 Budgetary allocations for parents and board meetings scheduled quarterly $30 Training of new staff through orientation and seminars $250 Fiscal policies Taxes $400 TOTAL $4990000 What would WCCs funding grant look like? To: The Community Management Committee through its Community Development Fund Submission made on: relevant date Summary WCC is a non profit making organization that was formed out of a community development plan to achieve a host of goals among them; environmental sustenance. Organizational overview This organization was developed to provide service to the members of the Wintergrove fraternity in line with the humanitarian objectives set by the community through the management committee. Description of the programs WCC offers a host of services that include excellent catering services, educational services (applicable to children above the age of 6 years), child care services through the daycare services and lessons that raise the environmental awareness for the members of the community. Population served Having been formed as a community initiative, the WCC serves the whole of Wintergrove region. With the passage of time however, the organization is expected to grow to cover even wider regions such as the neighboring communities. Project evaluation There are regular checks carried out so as to ascertain the levels of growth in the organization. These include SWOT analysis and placing more emphasis on the control functions that try to match the expected outcomes with the real outcomes. Budgets The organization has an annual budget of () to enable it to effectively operate at economically efficient levels. The breakdown of this budget is exhibited in the annual budgetary allocations attached herein alongside a list of the staff members present in the organization. What is a marketing plan and how could WCC develop their marketing plan in view of the circumstances characterizing its development? Considering the process of marketing is both time and money consuming, lots of preparation ought to be put in to achieve an excellent marketing plan. A marketing plan is a schedule that allows any organization to outline its marketing strategies taking into consideration the market structure, the relevant sources of income and expenditure, the competitors and all other factors that shape up an organizations external environment and working within their set budgets to achieve these end points. Marketing plans also help organizations to work within their budgets and financial means, (Jackson, 2011). Since WCC is basically a community project instituted to offer assistance to the community members and not a profit making organization, their marketing plan would be quite narrow in terms of the categories included in the marketing plan by the organization. WCCs marketing plan would therefore include a market analysis, product/service analysis and relevant marketing strategies as shown bel ow: Market analysis WCCs marketing analysis consists of a host of information that is important in understanding the market within which the organization operates. First of all is the actual population of the children in the organization. It is important for the organization to have a record of its present population as well as the expected population at the end of the year. Information on the cultural composition of the centres population i.e. the specific population sizes of the different races found in the school as well as the current population of the young age groups as measured against the total population of Wintergrove town is also important. The changes that have marked the population trends in the region of Wintergrove i.e. increase or decrease and the consequent proportions should also be studied. Apart from the population trends, externalities such as the effects of the legal requirements (licensing guidelines) on the operations of the organization i.e. how it influences the activities carr ied out in the organization should be studied to come up with effective results. The external environment could also be characterized by government policies and associated factors on the operations of the organization i.e. how the government parameters of fiscal policies (expenditure patterns and taxation levels) affect its operation among other conditions. The uncontrollable environmental effects and their subsequent outcomes on the functioning of the organization could also be explored. Product/ service analysis As concerns this analysis, the major tenets to be studied could be the description of the organization and its establishment and comparisons made to other successful child centers. This could help to determine whether the organization is deemed to withstand the test of time or could need a total overhaul of the goals for achievement of realistic targets. The organization could also assess its financial status to ascertain the authenticity of its goals and targets. Marketing strategies Having conducted an assessment of the first two categories, the organization can come up with relatively effective strategies to counter the possible faults identified in the first two steps. First, the company should strive to maintain a modest image that would attract its customers. In line with the outcomes of the analyses carried the organization could concentrate on the features and pricing mechanisms as well as modifying the effective customer services that would lead to efficient service delivery on their part. In line with their goals of attaining a large population of children, the WCC could turn to the media as a marketing tool. This is because most of the inhabitants of the area access the major modes of information transmission. Some of the sources of media available to the WCC could include: television, radios, websites, use of brochures, bill boards and local newspapers and magazines. (Sciarra, 2009) What marketing tools can WCC use in its marketing plan? As identified in the marketing plan above, WCC has a wide range of tools to use to advertise its services. They include media release (for the local newspaper or magazine), brochures, posters, bill boards, radio or television advertisement and the use of a website. Being a community project, it mostly uses brochures given the fact that most if not all of the population around it is literate and therefore deciphering info from brochures would not pose problems. What is a brochure and what purposes does it serve? How does Wintergrove Children Center use brochures to increase their operations? A brochure is an essential marketing tool used by many organizations in the advertisement of their services to its target customers in a bid to win them over. Various definitions have been given and as such it would generally be defined as a pamphlet or a handbook that is designed by an organization and contains all the relevant summaries and introductory information of the organization. They are aesthetically appealing and glossy in their appearance. Brochures are majorly designed by organizations to market products or services and to disseminate information on major occurrences and activities that would warrant awareness such as maladies. The process of designing requires proper representation, correct messaging and clarity in the information contained in the brochure. The following information would be necessary in Wintergrove Children Centers typical brochure that would help it to market its services to the community. First, it is important that the brochures fold type, size, shape and color schemes are known to aid in the design and development processes. Lastly the content should be clear in its aim to convince the target customers. WCCs brochure would be something like this; Layout: this is the manner in which the brochure is designed and presented to the target customers. This bit encompasses the cooler schemes, coloring and texturing, designs of every page especially the first page, the size and shape aspects and the arrangement of the words in every page. Considering WCCs tender age, the brochures adopted by the organization would generally be small both in size and content. I would recommend a three fold type that would consist of 5 printed pages (Cheminais, 2007). The three fold would be particularly important in the sense that it would correspond to the organizations systems. The cover page would contain the organizations logo, name, address and the product service. Additionally, elements such as a picture (or any pertinent piece of information) could be used to make the image of the organization. A picture of a child and an aesthetically inviting environment would cap it off in a very nice way. This would represent the main service offered in the institution (the child to symbolize child care activities) and the major goal of the organization (healthy environment to symbolize sustainability, appreciation and promotion of environmental friendly practices such as green living). The first and second pages would contain the organizations mission and vision statement as well as their philosophy to enable their target customers to be attracted. The third page would be designed to contain information about the organization and all its activities and services taking into account the guiding philosophy as well as the mission and vision statements. Small sized pictures of the facilities present in the school such as the vans, office furniture and even the catering services would be used to light up the face of the brochure. The information contained in the third and part of the last page would include the number of staff, population of children, other facilities present in the school that would serve to bolster the image of the organi zation to the target customers; mainly parents of small families or those parents with very busy work schedules. The last page would definitely have the contact addresses of the organization and a well detailed route map that locates the organization and its location with reference to any well known structures. For instance, for WCC, the Summerville Childrens home could be used as a referencing point as it is more famous and subsequent directions issued from there. Apart from this page layout system, activities such as setting up of document, making choices on main area brands, brochure sizes, bleeding procedures, security borders, setting of column guides and choosing texture backgrounds also form part of the layout procedures and must be considered seriously. The choice of color used to create the background should offer a gentle scenario to the eye as well as blend perfectly with the foreground colors (colors used on the words). Generally, these colors should be bright so as to b e eye catchy and attractive whilst disseminating the intended information adequately. With the issues of environmental sustenance in the picture, I would suggest that the brochure be laced by tints of the green color that is widely accepted as a representation of the environment; a healthy one to be precise. Its usage should, however, be limited as it is generally dull. The choice of texture and finish chosen should all serve to raise the aesthetic quality of the brochure. The last and actually the most important bit would be the content of the brochure. It represents the purpose of the brochure. The message or information present in the brochure should be clear and easy to understand. In order to achieve this, short, simple, concise and clear sentences should be adopted. An excellent mastery of the language used to provide the information as well as correct grammar and spellings are also important in the development of a brochure for WCC. Every heading in the brochure should be written in bold so as to make it easier for the reader to obtain the information. What changes could be witnessed in the course of the organizations operations and how can they be solved? As the organization continues to gain footing in the community and its environs, it is important to note that there are dynamic changes that act to shape its activities with the passage of time. Such changes could be new initiative or regulatory amendment such as the Quality Improvement Accreditation System, The Early Years Learning Framework or changes to current NSW Childrens Services licensing regulations or environmental variations that could affect the environment and the conservation program in totality. Since we have no power over variations witnessed in the environment, necessary measures would be taken to conform to any prevalent changes. Such measures would include altering the existing organizational cultures to suit the prevalent trends. Considering the stable culture is always rigid to change, other cultures that give much room for flexibilities (innovative, people-oriented, detail-oriented etc) would be adopted by the management. The innovative culture promotes innovati veness on the part of the employees (staff in this case). Changes in population for instance could be met with subsequent variations in the staffing schedule. The management could also conduct seminars to help raise the awareness levels of the staff to the current situations. This can always help the staff to remain updated. The change aspect is definitely prone to objection and rejection. It is how the management copes with these situations that best determines the growth patterns of the organization. Therefore, to convince any stakeholders who might be reluctant to change, the management could use reports. The content of the report would be such that the management would explore the various inventions or changes would accrue benefits to the organization with the right infrastructure in place. Report on the evaluation of the activities of the Wintergrove Children Centre presented to the Summerville management committee The dream of the community to initiate helpful development programs has so far been seen in the development course taken by the Wintergrove childrens center. Having been started as a sister branch to the more established Summerville childrens centre, I can proudly say today, this organizatio Buy custom Early Childhood Assiment essay