The Manufacturing Of Toys The Lego Company History

Introduction For about a century ago, the Lego Company has been a dominant player in the world of toy making that, aside being a household name, it has become synonymous with fun, creativity and learning. Starting off as a result of a Danish carpenter’s passion, Lego has risen to capture the hearts of millions of kids, teeming youth and fanatic adults in the form of creativity and games. However, managing the company itself has not been all fun as Lego’s history includes a myriad of failures, bankruptcy, innovations and counter-innovation. The journey to global dominance in the manufacturing of toys was enmeshed in several strategic decisions that young managers needs to learn from in decision making and implementing of innovation in organizations. The Lego Company-History In 1916, Ole Kirk Kristiansen, a Danish carpenter purchased a woodworking shop mostly to help people construct houses and furniture, this he did pretty well until the Great Depression around 1929 which saw fewer customers building houses and buying furniture, He then decided to focus on smaller, affordable wooden projects. His desire to please children later inspired him to begin producing toys and by the year 1932, Kristiansen and his small staff of apprentices has started making piggybanks, pull toys, toy houses and cars. Due to the state of the economy at that time, the business was not very profitable as farmers often traded produce in exchange for his toys. His son Godtfred Christiansen also joinedShow MoreRelatedLego case study analysis1362 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Lego Case Study Analysis Pallav Mathur Q 1. What led the LEGO group to the edge of bankruptcy by 2004? By the end of 2003 Lego was already facing crisis owing to dipping profits and declining market pool for toys. Lego had planned to expand into markets beyond building toys and needed huge investment to be made in it. But it found difficult to compete when fad players and other toy manufacturers were giving them stiff competition in a market that already was supposed to be giving lesser returnsRead MoreEssay about Lego Case1303 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Flextronics offshore outsourcing project, LEGO had a very tight control of all the elements of the value chain. Their production plants were expansive and specialized which, in theory, would create a higher degree of standardization. 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Legos are plastic construction toys; the history spans nearly 100 years; manufacturing of these interlocking toy bricks began in 1949 with the creation of small wooden Lego bricks (developed into six pieces of 2 by 4 bricks that can be combined in 915,103,765 ways, creating systematic creativity) but has since then grown into an iconic brand with factories around the worldRead MoreEssay on Lego Case Analysis 1618 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿The Lego Group Case: The Crisis Prior to finalizing a strategic recommendation for Knudstorp and the Lego Group, I needed to gain perspective on the industry and internal factors that have historically interfered with Lego’s business model, and thus lead them to the point of bankruptcy. In Exhibit A, I used the Porter’s five forces model to help identify and label the threats, demands, trends and opportunities of the toy industry. While Lego faced many different types of challenges, market trendsRead MoreEssay on LOGO case study2462 Words   |  10 Pagesï » ¿Mgmt3347 individual case study TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction The essay is a strategic analysis for LEGO Group. LEGO Group is a famous toy company in the world, which established in Denmark. LEGO Brand is not only the familiar logo, but also the expectation. LEGO acts as a guarantee of quality and originality. LEGO’s core values are imagination, creativity, fun, learning, caring and quality. The essay will show strategic analysis by identifying the industry, analyzing generalRead MoreLego s First Toy Product1511 Words   |  7 PagesLEGO was founded in 1932 by Ole Kirk Kristiansen in Billund, Denmark. Currently, the company is owned by Ole Kirk’s grandson Kjeld. The word LEGO comes from a Danish phrase, â€Å"leg godt,† which means â€Å"play well.† In Latin, the word â€Å"LEGO† translates to â€Å"I put together,† a perfect definition for the products LEGO would soon create. Introduction. LEGO started as a small carpenter’s workshop and has grown to become a global enterprise. It is now one of the world’s largest manufacturers of toys. LEGORead MoreCompany Profile : The Lego Group2181 Words   |  9 PagesPART 1: COMPANY PROFILE – THE LEGO GROUP 1. What Company did you select and why? The company I selected is the Lego Group. The company is well known for its popular construction toy brand, Lego. The company is still privately owned by the original family who established it in 1932 which is the Kirk Kristiansen family. Its headquarter is based in Billude, Denmark. The core product of the company, the Lego brick, is available in more than 130 countries around the world (Klausen, 2012). In 2014, theRead MoreEssay on The Lego Group Case3410 Words   |  14 PagesFounded in 1932, the LEGO Group is a privately held company headquartered in Billund, Denmark. The vision of Lego Group is to â€Å"inspire children to explore and challenge their own creative potential†[1] Lego now ranks 4th in the world as a toy manufacturer. The Lego Group employs nearly 9,000 workers and its own product, Lego Brick can be found in over 130 countries. The financial performance of Lego declined drastically through the 1990’s and early 2000’s. In 2004, the company accum ulated losses ofRead MoreLego Strategic Analysis2658 Words   |  11 PagesLego strategic analysis 1 of 5 http://www.oxbridgewriters.com/essays/estate-management/lego-strategic... Cookie Information  » Search all our free essays... The free essays that we publish on Oxbridge Writers have been written by students. They are not the work of our Oxbridge qualified writers. But if youre looking for a custom written essay then we can help.... Get a quote for your own custom essay  » Search  » Share Download Like 17 Tweet 0 3 Print Download Email Lego strategic analysis

The Principles Of Public Health Intervention - 1384 Words

3. Proposed Public Health Intervention This proposed public health intervention is based on the conceptual framework developed by QUT and the AIHW, which considers the downstream, midstream and upstream determinants of health (Draper et al., 2004). 3.1 Principles underpinning public health intervention Recommendations 1. That the design, planning, implementation and evaluation of all interventions at the downstream, midstream and upstream levels be underpinned by principles of: autonomy and control by Aboriginal communities; spirit and integrity; reciprocity; equality; survival and protection; and responsibility. Rationale: The importance of autonomy, control and command over resources in relation to health is well established (Solar and Irwin, 2010, Wilkinson and Marmot, 2003, Phelan et al., 2010), and particularly applicable to Aboriginal communities, given the impact of colonisation over two centuries. Baum (2007) highlights that loss of autonomy and control has significantly impaired the development of bridging and linking social capital, with Aboriginal people experiencing a deep distrust towards mainstream institutions, which further perpetuates inequalities. She also identifies that the NHMRC Principles of Ethical Research with Indigenous People – spirit and integrity, respect, equality, survival and protection, and responsibility; and posits that if these principles underpinned public policy, linking social capital would develop, that could lead to policiesShow MoreRelatedPrinciples of Mental Health1258 Words   |  5 PagesRunning Head: FOR A DEEPER UNDERSTANDING Principles of Mental Health The World Health Organization (2012) defines mental health as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease. WHO establishes the connection of mental health to the promotion of mental well-being, the prevention of mental disorders and the treatment of mental disorders and the rehabilitation of those afflicted with these disorders (WHO). The Council for Accreditation of CounselingRead MoreScholar Practitioner Project Paper1686 Words   |  7 Pagescontributed to chronic diseases becoming the leading cause of death and disability in San Diego (HHSA, 2009). The need for well aligned interventions for the diverse San Diego population to spearhead chronic diseases awareness and prevention was welcomed with the introduction of the Live Well San Diego. Which set in place its vision for a region that is Building Better Health, Living Safely and Thriving. To strategically support this vision, the 3 – 4 – 50 chronic disease concept was created, focusing on-Read MorePublic Health in Practice Essay1708 Words   |  7 Pages1: Public Health and Public Health Practices/Investigations Public health is the discipline and skill for preventing diseases and injuries, extending the lifespan and endorsing wellbeing through structured public work, the control of communicable diseases, the union of medical and nursing facilities for the prompt identification and disease prevention, teaching individual health and to make sure a standard of living suitable for the conservation of health (Breslow et al, 2002).. Public health focusesRead MoreThe Principles of Public Health822 Words   |  3 PagesWhat are the principles of public health? There are two difference approaches to show the principles of public health. One is including mission, core functions and ten essential services. The other one has 5 public health principles. Firstly, the principles of public health are mission, core functions and ten essential services. The mission is to achieve society’s interest in ensuring people’s health conditions. The core functions are divided into three parts. The first part is assessment. AssessmentRead MoreEthics Of The Chicago Heat Wave1741 Words   |  7 Pages An Ethical Analysis of the Chicago Heat Wave MPH 603 Ethical Political Issues in public Health Benedictine University Salma Ali Abstract The 1995 Chicago Heat Wave was the worst weather-related disaster in the United States. Temperatures rose to dangerous high records which cost the lives of over 700 people. The conditions that contributed to such a high death toll were not just from the natural disaster, but lack of proper planning. Unfortunately the city of Chicago had no officialRead MoreEmergency Emergencies : Emergency Responders Essay1685 Words   |  7 Pagesthe public is not prepared to take action in response to these situations. In order to be prepared for emergencies, public health professionals plan policies and procedures for various possible emergency situations. These policies and procedures are then discussed with and practiced by emergency responders. One of the most crucial and most overlooked aspects of emergency preparedness is public compliance. That is, when emergency responders give orders to the public for their safety, the public mightRead MoreApplication Of Public Health Principles823 Words   |  4 PagesApplication of Public Health Principles to Biodefense. Principles of public health are basically the essence and fundamentals of the public health practice. Public health are the sum total measures adopted to prevent disease, promote health, and prolong life of the population. Application of the public health principles to biodefense, therefore entails biosurveillance, countermeasure stockpiling and distribution, mass casualty care in the event of bioterrorism, and community resilience (HomelandRead MoreEnhancing Quality Strategic Decisions for the Government of Uganda1335 Words   |  5 Pagestheir priorities right especially in the health sector. Discuss some of the qualitative and quantitative techniques that can be adopted to enhance quality strategic decisions. Not more than 5pages Solution In resource limited settings there prevails unending situations of resource scarcity. This poses difficulties to governments especially when it comes to considering national priorities in the process of resource allocation. Taking it down to the health sector, there intra-sector challenges facedRead MoreA Life Course Approach For Injury Prevention892 Words   |  4 Pagesand ecological theories the scope is expanded through the theories core principles. The following is a brief outline of the core principles of life course and ecological theory respectively. Life Course Approach Dr. Glen Elder, the major contributor to the life course approach, developed the core principles of the theory after analyzing the data from his â€Å"Children of the Great Depression† study (Elder, 1994). The core principles (historical time and place, timing, linked lives and agency) promoteRead MoreThe Development Of High Quality Information About Patients Medical Treatment Options910 Words   |  4 Pagesensure that our health system efficiently delivers the best possible results for all patient. PhRMA supports the development of high quality information about patients’ medical treatment options. Empowering patients and physicians with high quality information will help ensure that our health system efficiently delivers the best possible results for all patients. Research from a range of sources in the public and private sectors provides valuable information for patients and health care professionals

African Americans and the Cold War. Free Essays

Compare the two articles and comment on how the Cold War impacted upon African Americans during the asses. Historically, the treatment of African Americans was atrocious: unfair and dehumidifying. Throughout the asses, this racial discrimination was noisily protested against and the recognition from governments allowed the African American voice to reach its zenith. We will write a custom essay sample on African Americans and the Cold War. or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Cold War and the intense ideological disputes between the United States and the Soviet Union aided in the strengthened awareness towards his inequality and led to a slight advancement of the societal position for African Americans. However, with the improvement of the African American voice, coinciding with the war at hand, came governmental fear, resulting in public manipulation and covert force. African American’s lived in a consciously limited and divided world, which stifled their individuality and independence. Richard Wright, a Negro who lived through this mistreatment, became the first Negro to highlight the injustice through protest writing. Wright â€Å"was the angriest, most honest and outspoken black writer†l f the time and his books offer insight into the lengths of racial discrimination and inequality he and other Blacks were subjected to. He made it â€Å"clearer than any black American writer had ever done that as a black man he was not allowed and not able to feel that he was a full-blooded’ American†2, but was expected to adhere to the enforced racial hierarchy and â€Å"live his life acting out a demeaning and ludicrous role†3. Life for African American’s consisted of constant degradation, with â€Å"daily insults and petty humiliations†4, and customary segregation – the Blacks of America ere inhibited from employment opportunities, denied good education, forced to sit behind Anglo-Saxons (Whites’) in public transportation, with enforced racially segregated public housing and most hotels and eateries being closed to those of African descent. Ultimately, the possibilities for African Americans were limited and they were generally treated as inferior beings. The Cold War tactically exposed the United States’ practice of gross inequality and discrimination. The conflict between political ideologies (Communism vs. McCarthy/Democracy) during the War established a central foundation for the movement towards racial equality. In an attempt to gain more party members, the Communist Party capitalized on the African American’s protests – â€Å"circulating petitions on police brutality, employment discrimination, and anticipating legislation†¦ Trying to gauge individuals’ openness (to the Communist Party)†5. They vigorously and passionately lashed the United States for their treatment of the Blacks while â€Å"actively promoting a racial Justice agenda†6: pushing for unions to include Negroes, campaigning for the desegregation of sousing, encouraging black writers and artists and providing opportunities for black leadership. With the promise to combat racism, and being â€Å"the only white organization in the country that paid serious attention to the issues of race and civil rights†7, Communism attracted more membership, especially from those of African descent with the proportion of Black members doubling. With the numbers supporting the American government declining and the â€Å"difficulty sustaining the smooth image of racial progress†8, the government made every effort to counter the Soviet’s propaganda. The American politics depraved the Soviets assertions with a public declaration stating that â€Å"despite certain inequalities and conditions which exist, the American way of life provides ample opportunity to correct these conditions through democratic processes†¦ The American Negro, down to the poorest sharecropper, is better off than the vast majority of Stalin’s subjects†9 while the â€Å"US embassies and consulates throughout the world distributed booklets showing the great progress that had been made on race matters†10. As the propaganda hostility dominated newspapers and generic conversation, the United States’ developments awards civil rights were largely and continuously broadcasted, with the â€Å"American’s†¦ Making much mileage out of the Supreme Court’s school-desegregation decision in 1954†³11. Essentially, the Cold War heightened the awareness of racial discrimination and made the unfairness an international issue. The open rebellion against racial prejudice in the United States, meshing with Cold War concerns, evoked fears within the United States’ government. The American government grew suspicious of internal communist subversion and as a result the loyalty of all free men’, and especially the loyalty of African American’s was deemed questionable. With this anxiety, came the intrusion of the loyalty program. This program, introduced by President Harry. S. Truman and adopted by Senator Joseph McCarthy, established a framework for a wide-ranging and powerful government apparatus – the Federal Bureau of Investigations – to perform loyalty checks on every employee. If the Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI) had ‘reasonable grounds’ to doubt an employee’s allegiance, he or she would be dismissed. The FBI â€Å"could not tolerate independent thinkers either, as there was one thing considered every bit as bad as being a Red (communist), and hat was being a Black who spoke out against American racism†12, thus â€Å"individuals who had been active in progressive causes, particularly in the African American freedom struggle, were targeted and disproportionately affected†13. Richard Wright and Annie Lee Moss are two African American’s who were subjected to the subtle terror of the Loyalty Programs investigations. Both Wright and Moss held supporting attitudes towards the progression of civil rights. In the early ‘ass Wright was under US government surveillance, assumed for his books protesting against racial scarification, and â€Å"one Sunday in April 1953, Wright was questioned by a member from the Senate Judiciary Committee about his subversive books and his association with the Communist Party, asked to inform on others†¦ Receiving a warning that he could be subpoenaed in front of McCarthy committee†14. Wright’s books were, and all rebellious books, were removed from the United States Information Service libraries – a subtle way the government silenced opponents. Annie Lee Moss, whom experienced accusations of disloyalty, was used and still remains â€Å"an enduring symbol of Cold War politics†1 5. Annie Lee Moss was a clerk in the General Accounting Office (GAO), working in close proximity to sensitivity information, and was, â€Å"it seemed, living proof of the possibilities of the American (African) dream†. Moss encountered several accusations of being a member of the communist party, and was suspended from her Job twice, only to be reinstated when the â€Å"GAO Loyalty Board determined there were no ‘reasonable grounds’ to believe that she was disloyal†16. The allegations and innocence of Moss was biblically broadcasted on â€Å"March 1954, when Edward R. Morrow dedicated an episode of his television news how, See It Now, to her appearance before Senator Joseph McCarthy Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations†17. The broadcast â€Å"demonstrated that McCarthy carelessness threatened the rights of American citizens, but that there were others in the American government committed to defending those rights†18. With the increased amount of hope for African American’s, came new forms of discriminatory struggles. The Cold War had a pivotal impact on life for African American’s. Though the Blacks of America were victims of new forms of discrimination, ultimately, the Cold War revealed the contradictions in American democracy: how could the United How to cite African Americans and the Cold War., Papers

Professional Communication Skills for ICT

Question: Discuss about the Professional Communication Skills for ICT. Answer: Introduction The report is about analyzing the ICT Information Security Policy and Management of the University of Southern Queensland. The University uses various processes of ICT that are used in various processes of internal governance, external party governance, human resource management, asset management, operations and communication management, assess management, system acquisition, incident management, business continuity management, compliance management, etc. Analysis of the ICT communication model and different communication model used in the process will be described in the report by highlighting the effectiveness of the message, evaluation of the document, evaluation of the sources, and the breakdown of the arguments are properly analyzed under the body of the report. Apart from that recommendations will be provided regarding the effectiveness of the strategies used by the University in the practice of various ICT in the information management and security systems. it is seen that ICT is a common aspect that is used by most of the organizations in order to compete the rival companies of the competitive business world. While analyzing the document, secondary research methods are used for providing suitable recommendations. Evaluation of communication model In the document, it is seen that the organization is using ICT in its every department of operation. However, it can be said that the operations department uses communication models such as electronic mail, supplied communications methods, etc. when the employees are communicated with the various officers related with the University business regarding the use of ICT in various aspects of operations (Solar et al. 2013). Information are exchanged within and outside the university through using online services such as NTSAF and QGISCF. Transactions of different aspects are occurred through various modes of online transactions. However, it can be seen that the different communication models are not updated or effective in order to receive prompt feedback from the people associated with the use of ICT in the department. Other models of communications can be included in the operations of ICT in the University. While improving the business, a business reminder will be set along with SMS to the particular people or a group whenever required for business purpose (Rice and Leonardi 2013). Evaluation of the effectiveness of message The organization is committed to manage all possible risks that will be associated with the ICT and assets and information system while reducing the rate of ICT security incidents. Usage of ICT and Information security in the University requires an effective goal. However, the policy statement illustrates the governance a framework for protecting the Information management and security within the dimension of organization (Yuan et al. 2013). The goal of using these approaches of ICT in the internal and external operations of the University is to improve the pace of the business operations i.e. increasing the effectiveness of the employees associated with it. The message of the communication is based on five elements such as responsible use, availability, integrity, confidentiality and responsible use of the resources of ICT. However, there are opportunities of improving the effectiveness of the use of the model. The effectiveness of the message of the goals of using ICT will be more effective if the level of communication increases among the various levels of employees present in the organization. It can be increased by many methods (Hislop 2013). Evaluation of the document The document that is formulated for creating an awareness of the different types of ICT and Information management and security systems used in the different operational departments of the University in order to increase the effectiveness of the work of the employees of the organization. The document is categorized into different parts such as purpose, scope and principles. Apart from that, various links are provided in the reference list that will direct the viewers to go the direct website for detailed description (Diniz et al. 2012). Different methods of ICT are used in the various departments of the organization are mentioned in the document. However, the document lacks the clarity of the goals and strategies used in each department mentioned in the document. It is recommended that in each of the principle discussed in the study, goals be to be mentioned clearly, so that the employees understand the necessity of the methods of ICT used in the operational procedures. Apart from th at, the usage procedures must be mentioned in the document (Gatautis 2015). Evaluation of sources Formulation of the document for the University employee requires usage of some sources and acts that are essential for enriching the quality of the document. The sources about the procedures are taken from recognized and reputed official websites of the related to the technologies used in ICT. Apart from that, there are related laws and legislations that are essential for the University while implementing the different policies of ICT and Information management and security systems (Ellis and Loveless 2013). It is seen that the document provides a brief description of the policy information and the relevant legislation, related policies, procedures, forms, websites and publications. Besides this, the document defines various terminologies that a reader might face difficulty. It is a good advantage for the viewers of the document while understanding the necessity of the various procedures of ICT in the operational procedures of the organization. The credibility and the quality of the sources chosen for creating the document for ICT implication is high and hence increase the quality of the document (Haddon 2016). Analysis of the voice and style The document is written in a simple English language. There is a reason of using simple English language because it is addressed for all categories of employees working in the organization. The use of ICT is not only implemented for the senior level management of the organization. It is also used for improving the performance of the junior level of employees. Hence, it can be said that the level of qualifications and expertise for senior, middle and junior level employees are not same (Prytherch 2016). Language is made lucid. But it is seen that in some parts of the documents where the procedures and the implementation part of various approaches of ICT and Information management and security systems are used, language is not clear and lucid. Junior employees or the employees that are not related to IT department will face problem in understanding the purpose and goals of using ICT in the process of business operations. Language can be much more lucid, simple and must possess some cla rity for the non-IT readers (Child 2015). Structured arguments The structured arguments, visual emphasis strategies, imperative or declarative sentences, warrants, claims, data, fallacies and argumentative strategies, etc. are present in the document. There are different legislations, policies that are related to the integration of various approaches of ICT in the operational departments of the organization. Arguments present in the document decrease the quality of the documents. It is responsible for creating fallacies in the document while diminishing the quality of the content presented by the authors while formulating the document. The purpose of the document is to provide a clear and crisp idea to the various levels of management of the organization. The data warrants, etc, are presented from the credible sources. Hence, no question will arise regarding the data, claims and warrants of the procedures of Information management and security systems and ICT (Fuglseth and Sreb 2014). Description of the process is not clear that will provide an in-depth understanding of the procedures of ICT in the implementation of these processes in the day to day operations of the organizations. It means that the customization of the approaches is missing. Conclusion It can be concluded that the purpose of the study is to analyze the document formulated by University while describing the purposes and procedures of using various technologies of ICT in the human resource department, incident management, asset management, and other operational department of the university. The analysis of the document is divided into few categories such as quality of writing, effectiveness of the strategies, structured argument, lucidity of the language, fallacies present in the document. However, it can be said that there are many issues of the document pointed out in the study that can create problem for the readers. Recommendations will be provided in the following for improving the structure of the document. Recommendations Various communication channels are to be introduced for the improvement of communication model such as face to face interaction, SMS, gentle reminder through other applications. By increasing the level of communication among the different groups of employees, the effectiveness of the strategies can be increased. The usage patterns of the approaches of ICT and information management and security systems must be introduced so that the document can gets clarity. No such recommendation is provided regarding the sources used in the document related to process used in ICT as they are highly credible and informative, hence increase the validity of the document. The language of the document should be kept more simple, clear and lucid so that the readers of the non-IT department will face no problem regarding the purpose of creating the document (Sultan 2013). The structured argument and the fallacies present in the document must be reduced so that the readers find no difficulty in understanding the purpose of using ICT in the organization. References Child, J., 2015.Organization: contemporary principles and practice. John Wiley Sons. Diniz, E., Birochi, R. and Pozzebon, M., 2012. Triggers and barriers to financial inclusion: The use of ICT-based branchless banking in an Amazon county.Electronic Commerce Research and Applications,11(5), pp.484-494. Ellis, V. and Loveless, A. eds., 2013.ICT, pedagogy and the curriculum: Subject to change. Routledge. Fuglseth, A.M. and Sreb, ., 2014. The effects of technostress within the context of employee use of ICT.Computers in Human Behavior,40, pp.161-170. Gatautis, R., 2015. The impact of ICT on public and private sectors in Lithuania.Engineering Economics,59(4). Haddon, L., 2016.The social dynamics of information and communication technology. Routledge. Hislop, D., 2013.Knowledge management in organizations: A critical introduction. Oxford University Press. Prytherch, R., 2016.Harrod's librarians' glossary and reference book: a directory of over 10,200 terms, organizations, projects and acronyms in the areas of information management, library science, publishing and archive management. Routledge. Rice, R.E. and Leonardi, P.M., 2013. Information and communication technology use in organizations.The Sage Handbook of Organizational Communication. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, pp.425-448. Solar, M., Sabattin, J. and Parada, V., 2013. A Maturity Model for Assessing the Use of ICT in School Education.Educational Technology Society,16(1), pp.206-218. Sultan, N., 2013. Knowledge management in the age of cloud computing and Web 2.0: Experiencing the power of disruptive innovations.International Journal of Information Management,33(1), pp.160-165. Yuan, Y.C., Zhao, X., Liao, Q. and Chi, C., 2013. The use of different information and communication technologies to support knowledge sharing in organizations: From e?mail to micro?blogging.Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology,64(8), pp.1659-1670.